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A&P - vic > Chapter 17 - The reproductive system - mitosis, meiosis, male reprod. > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - The reproductive system - mitosis, meiosis, male reprod. Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the diploid chromosome number?
A
  • total number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each body cell is the same (except for reproductive cells)
  • Always an even number - chromosomes occur in pairs)
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2
Q
  1. Sex chromosomes are designated as either _____ or _____.
A

X or Y

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3
Q
  1. XX means?
A

female

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4
Q
  1. XY means?
A

male

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5
Q
  1. What is reduction division?
A
  • total number of chromosomes in each of the daughter cells is reduced to half the number of the parent cells
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6
Q
  1. Haploid chromosome number includes?
A
  • reduction division
  • ensures that the fertilized ovum from the union of spermatozoa and ova has diploid number
  • haploid chromosome number in the reproductive cells results from meiosis
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7
Q
  1. Gamate is either a _________ or a ___________
A

ova or sperm

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8
Q
  1. Mitosis always = _________ pairs
A

chromosome

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9
Q

9 What is mitosis?

A
  • Most body cells divide after the cell first makes a duplicate copy of its chromosomes
  • half the chromosomes go to one daughter cell and half go to the other
  • genetic makeup of the two daughter cells is exactly the same as each other and as the parent cell
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10
Q

10.What is Meiosis?

A
  • chromosomes do not produce duplicate copies of themselves before daughter cells divide
  • half of the total chromosomes go to each daughter cell (one from each diploid chromosome pair and one sex chromosome
  • which chromosomes go to which daughter cell is entirely random
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11
Q
  1. What is spermatogenesis?
A
  • production of male sex cells
  • occurs in seminiferous tubules of the testes
  • produce continuously and in very large numbers
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12
Q
  1. What are the changes that spermatocytes undergo?
A
  • primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis into secondary spermatocytes - that creates a haploid number
  • secondary spermatocytes divide by mitosis into 4 spermatids
  • spermatids grow tails and undergo physical changes that convert them to spermatozoa
  • when spermatozoa is fully developed, they detach and are carried to the epididymis for storage before ejacuation
  • half the spermatozoa produced have an X sex chromosome and half have a Y chromosome
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13
Q
  1. What is Oogenesis?
A
  • production of female sex cells
  • occurs in ovarian follicles
  • female has fixed number of primary oocytes at or soon after birth
  • oogenesis produces small number of ova at a time
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14
Q
  1. Process of Oogenesis is?
A
  • primary oocyte divides by meiosis into a large secondary oocyte and a small polar body
  • each has a haplid chromosome number
  • the secondary oocyte and the first polar divide by mitosis into an ovum and 3 polar bodies
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15
Q
  1. Polar bodies are essentially garbage cans for excess chromosomes which are not ________.
A

functional - they will not develop into ova

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16
Q
  1. What does male reproductive system do?
A
  • produces male sex hormones
  • develops spermatozoa
  • delivers the male spermatozoa to the female system at the appropriate time
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17
Q
  1. What do the testes do?
A
  • produce sperm and hormones
  • usually located outside the abdomen in the inguinal region
  • housed in a sac of skin - the scrotum
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18
Q
  1. What is the scrotum?
A

a sac of skin that houses the testes

- helps regulate temperature of testes

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19
Q
  1. What is the structure of the spermatozoa?
A
  • Head
  • midpiece
  • tail
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20
Q
  1. What is the head of the spermatozoa?
A
  • contains the nucleus of the cell
  • covered by the acrosome (cap-like structure)
  • contains digestive enzymes that helps the spermatozoon penetrate the ovum
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21
Q
  1. What is the midpiece of the spermatozoa?
A
  • a large concentration of mitochrondria arranged in a spiral pattern (the “power plant”)
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22
Q
  1. What is the tail of the spermatozoa?
A
  • contains muscle like contractile fibrils

- produces a whip-like movement of the tail and propels the cell forward

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23
Q
  1. What is cryptorchidism?
A

testes are still up in the abdomen

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24
Q
  1. What is a gubernaculum?
A

a band of connective tissue that attaches testes to the scrotum

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25
Q
  1. What are inguinal rings?
A

openings in abdominal muscles through which testes decend

26
Q
  1. What is the cremaster muscle?
A

passes down through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum
- also adjusts the position of the testes relative to the body depending on temperature

27
Q
  1. What is the vas deferens?
A
  • a muscular tube that runs from the tail of the epididymis to the pelvic urethra
  • thick smooth walls
  • also known as the ductus deferens
  • passes through inguinal ring as part of the spermatic cord.
  • Once inside the abdomen it separates from spermatic cord and connects with urethra
28
Q
  1. What is the spermatic cords?
A
  • blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the vas deferens

- pampiniform plexus

29
Q
  1. What is pampiniform plexus?
A
  • meshwork of veins that surrounds testicular artery
  • maintains testes at temperature slightly lower than body temperature
  • it warms blood back to the body temperature before it returns to the abdomen
30
Q
  1. What are tunics?
A
  • they are connective tissue that forms a sheath-like layers around the testes and spermatic cord
  • visceral vaginal tunic
  • parietal vaginal tunic
  • tunica albuginea
31
Q
  1. What is visceral vaginal tunic?
A
  • very thin inner layer
  • lies next to the organ or viscera
  • deepest tunic
32
Q
  1. What is parietal vaginal tunic?
A
  • thick outer layer and it forms a fiborus sac around each testis and spermatic cord
33
Q
  1. What is tunica albuginea?
A
  • fiborus connective tissue capsule surrounding each testes beneath tunics
34
Q
  1. What is seminiferous and where are they located?
A

site of spermatogenesis

- a long convoluted U-shaped tube attached at both ends to system of ducts (rete testis)

35
Q
  1. What are interstitial cells?
A

endocrine cells between the seminiferous tubules produce androgens

36
Q
  1. What are Sertoli cells?
A

cells
supports developing spermatids
- in retained testicals they produce estrogen

37
Q
  1. After detaching from the Sertoli, spermatozoa enter the ________?
A

rete testis

38
Q
  1. What is the rete testis?
A

carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts.

39
Q
  1. What is the duct system?
A

that’s where the spermatozoa develop and then gets transported to the epididymis via the efferent ducts of the testes

40
Q

40.What is the epididymis?

A

ribbonlike structure that lies along the surface of the testis
it is divided into 3 regions:
- “head” region - site where spermatozoa enter from efferent ducts
- “body” region - lies along surface of testis
- “tail” region - continues on as the vas deferens

  • functions as a storage site for spermatozoa
41
Q
  1. What is the function of the vas deferens?
A

propels sperm quickly from epididymis to urethra at the time of ejaculation

42
Q
  1. In the vas deferens what is the ampulla?
A
  • if present in some species, it is the enlargement of the vas deferens that occurs just before joining the urethra
  • the ampulla may contain glands that contribute material to semen
43
Q
  1. What 2 functions does the urethra have in the male?
A
  • carries urine from the urinary bladder outside the body (urinary function)
  • urine flow temporarily blocked when ejaculation occurs (ejaculation function)
44
Q
  1. What 2 portions does the urethra have?
A

pelvic portion and penile portion

45
Q
  1. What is the pelvic portion in the urethra?
A
  • entry point of vas deferens and accessory reproductive glands
46
Q
  1. What is the penile portion in the urethra?
A

runs down the length of the penis

47
Q
  1. Spermatozoa from the vas deferens make up only a small portion of the total volume of _______. The majority is made up of secretions from the various ________ _________ glands.
A

semen

accessory reproductive glands

48
Q
  1. What are the male accessory reproductive glands?
A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

49
Q
  1. What are some facts about accessory reproductive glands?
A
  • ducts of all accessory reproductive glands enter pelvic portion of the urethra
  • different species have different combinations of accessory reproductive glands
  • produce alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acidity of the female reproductive tract
50
Q
  1. What does the prostrate gland do?
A
  • surrounds the urethra

- multiple ducts carry secretions into urethra

51
Q
  1. What are the bulbourethral glands?
A
  • also known as cowper’s gland
  • ducts enter urethra near caudal border of pelvis
  • secrete mucinous fluid just before ejaculation that clears and lubricates the urethra
  • all common domestic animals have these glands except for the dog
52
Q
  1. What is the penis?
A
  • composed of muscle, erectile tissue, and connective tissue
  • large blood supply and many sensory nerve endings
  • three main parts of the penis - the roots, the body, and the glans
53
Q

53, What are the roots of the penis?

A

bands of connective tissue (crura) that attach penis to the brim of the pelvis

54
Q
  1. What is the body of the penis?
A
  • largest part
  • two bundles of erectile tissue
    corpus cavernosum urethrae (smaller)
    corpus cavernosum penis - (larger)
55
Q
  1. What is the glans of the penis?
A
  • the tip or distal end; numerous sensory nerves
56
Q
  1. What is the prepuce of the penis?
A

sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect

  • inner portion is smooth, moist mucous membrane
  • varies in species
57
Q
  1. What is the os penis in a dog?
A

it is the bone (and an erectile structure) that causes the male and female to remain stuck together after breeding is complete - the bone in the penis is the os penis

58
Q
  1. What is the bulb of the glans in the dog?
A

enlargement toward the rear of the glans
- engorges with blood; reaches full size after
ejaculation
- remains clamped in place by contractions of
muscles surrounding vagina and vulva
- erection of the bulb subsides in 15 - 20 minutes

59
Q
  1. What is the sigmoid flexure?
A
  • s shape of nonerect penis of the bull, ram, and boar
  • higher proportion of connective tissue to erectile tissue than any other species
  • erection results from straightening of the sigmoid flexure from internal hydraulic pressure
  • causes the penis to protrude from the prepuce for breeding
60
Q
  1. What are the reproductive functions of the penis?
A

erection

ejaculation

61
Q

61, One of the reproductive functions is erection, what is this?

A

results from a parasympathetic reflex triggered by sexual stimuli
- often involves olfactory cues and behavioral
changes (visual and smelling)
- arteries dilate and increase blood flow into penis
- veins are compressed against brim of the pelvis
by contractions of muscles in roots of the penis

62
Q
  1. Another one of the reproductive functions is ejaculation, what is this?
A

reflex expulsion of semen
- semen moves from accessory reproductive
glands into pelvic portion of the urethra
- rhythmic contractions of the urethra, pump the
semen out into the female reproductive tract

A&P - vic (21 decks)

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