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A&P - vic > Chapter 17 - female reprod. > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - female reprod. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main reproductive organs in the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries, oviducts, uterus

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2
Q

What are ligaments in the female reproductive system?

A
  • broad ligaments: sheets of peritoneum
    • suspends ovaries, oviducts and uterus
    • contains blood vessels and nerves
      suspensory ligament of the ovqry
      round ligament of the uterus
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3
Q

What does gravid mean?

A

pregnant

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4
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

ovarian end of broad ligament extends cranially and attaches to body wall in the area of the last rib

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5
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

fiborous tissue and smooth muscle in lateral fold of the broad ligament on each side

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6
Q

What are the ovaries?

A
  • in dorsal abdomen near kidneys
  • species variation in appearance
  • site of oogenesis
  • production of estrogens and progestins
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7
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A
  • development of ovum, ovulation, formation of
    corpus luteum,and degeneration of unripened
    follicles and corpus luteum
  • influenced by follicle stimulating hormone FSH)
    and luteinizing hormone (LH)
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8
Q

What two hormones are produced in the ovaries?

A

estrogens and progestins

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9
Q

Uniparious species, such as horses, cattle, and humans, normally give birth to only _____ offspring at a time. Their ovaries produce one ____ ovum per _____.

A

one
mature
cycle

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10
Q

Multiparous species, such as cats, dogs,and sows, give birth to _____ of young. Their ovaries produce ______ ovum per _____ .

A

litters
multiple
cycle

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11
Q

What are the two main functions of the ovaries?

A

producing reproductive cells and hormones

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12
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

the process by which ova (the female reproductive cells) are produce in follicles in the ovaries

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13
Q

What are estrogens?

A

produced by cells of the developing ovarian follicles and are responsible for the physical and behavioral changes the at prepare the animal for breeding and pregnacy

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14
Q

What are progestins?

A
  • produced by the corpus luteum that develops from the empty follicle after ovulation
  • help prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum
  • also necessary for pregnancy to be maintained once implantation occurs
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15
Q

What is the beginning stage of follicle development in the ovary called?

A

primordial

  • sometimes called primary, follicle
  • it is an immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells
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16
Q

What is it called that causes just a few of the thousands of primordial follicles to begin developing?

A

follicular recruitment or follicular activation

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17
Q

What is it called when a primordial follicle has become activated?

A

a growing follicle

- the follicular cells become thickened into cuboidal shapes and begin to multiply

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18
Q

What is it called when multiple layers of follicular cells form around the developing oocyte

A

granulosa cells

- as the cells multiply, the follicle starts to grow rapidly in size

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19
Q

What is the antrum?

A
  • when granulosa cells produce increasing amounts of estrogens as follicle becomes larger
  • fluid filled spaces form between granulosa cells
  • the spaces merge into one large fluid-filled space - the antrum
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20
Q

What is the mature follicle?

A

when the follicle has reached its maximum size

other names for mature follicle are: graafian follicle and vesicular ovarian follicle - production of estrogens peaks

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21
Q

What is ovulation?

A
  • rupture of mature follicle and release of reproductive cell into oviduct
  • surface of mature follicle weakens
  • fluid released from antrum along with ovum (still surrounded by corona radiata
  • occurs spontaneously in most species as a result of rising levels of LH
22
Q

What is induced ovulators and what species does this apply to?

A

ovulation occurs after breeding

- cat, rabbit, and ferret

23
Q

What is corpus Luteum?

A
  • formed by divisions of granulosa cells that line the blood-filled follicle
  • influenced by continued stimulation of LH (Luteinizing hormone)
  • produces progestins (primarily progesterone (necessary for maintenance of pregnancy)
  • endocrine signal to ovary causes corpus luteum
    (yellow body) to be maintained if ovum implants in
    uterus
24
Q

What are the two oviducts known as?

A

fallopian tubes and uterine tubes

25
Q

What are fallopian tubes and uterine tubes?

A

they are small, conoluted tubes that extend from the tips of the uterine horns
- smooth muscle fibers in walls
- ciliated cells in lining
- muscle contractions and cilia movements guide
ovum toward the uterus
- usual site of fertilization

26
Q

What are the fallopian tubes and uterine tubes role?

A

to guide ova from the ovary to the uterus and to serve as the usual site for fertilization of ova by spermatozoa

27
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

an enlarged opening at the ovarian end of each oviduct

28
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

muscular projections form margin of infundibulum; help properly position infundibulum

29
Q

What is the uterus?

A

the womb where the fertilized ovum implants and lives while it grows and develops into a new animal

  • muscular organ
  • usually Y shaped
    • uterine body forms the base of the Y
    • uterine horns form the arms
30
Q

What are the uterine wall layers?

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

31
Q

What is the the uterine wall layer called endometrium?

A

lining composed of simple columnar and simple tubular glands

- secrete mucus and other substances

32
Q

What is the the uterine wall layer called myometrium?

A

thick layers of smooth muscle

33
Q

What is the the uterine wall layer called perimetrium?

A

outermost layer covered by the visceral layer of peritoneum

34
Q

What is the cervix?

A
  • smooth muscle sphincter between the body of the uterus and the vagina
    • controls access to the lumen of the uterus from
      the vagina
  • normally tightly closed, except during estrus and paturition
35
Q

What are the two ends of pregnancy in the cervix?

A

estrus (the heat cycle) and paturition (the birth process

36
Q

What is the vagina?

A

muscular tube extends caudally from the cervix and connects it with the vulva
it also receives the penis at breeding time and acts as the birth canal at birthing time

37
Q

What is the vulva?

A
  • only portion of the female reproductive system that is visible from the outside
  • composed of the vestibule, clitoris, and labia
    • urethra opens on the floor of the vestibule
38
Q

What is estrus?

A

heat period -when the female is receptive to the advances of the male

39
Q

Animals can be classified according to how and when their ______ cycle occurs during the year.

A

estrous

40
Q

___________ animals such as cattle and swine cycle continuously throughout the year if they are not pregnant.

A

Polyestrous

41
Q

Animals with seasonal variations in estrous are called _______ ________.

A

Seasonally polyestrous

42
Q

Animals with two cycles per year, usually spring and fall (dog) are called _________.

A

Diestrous

43
Q

Animals with one cycle per year, fox and mink are called _______?

A

Monoestrous

44
Q

What is the estrous cycle?

A

time from the beginning of one heat period (estrus) to the next

45
Q

What are the estrous cycle stages?

A
  1. proestrus
  2. estrus
  3. metestrus
  4. diestrus
  5. anestrus (in some species)
46
Q

What is proestrus?

A
  • follicles begin developing and growing
  • output of estrogen increases accordingly
  • lining of the oviduct, uterus, and vagina thicken
  • vaginal epithelium begins to cornify; forms layer of keratin on its surface
47
Q

What is estrus?

A
  • the heat period, or the period of sexual receptivity
    in the female.
  • It occurs when the estrogen level is at its peak
  • ovulation occurs near end of estrus in some
    species
  • induced ovulator species (cat, rabbit) remain in a
    prolonged state of estrus if not bred
48
Q

What is metestrus?

A
  • period during which corpus luteum develops
  • progesterone produced by corpus luteum
  • temporarily inhibits follicular development in the
    ovary
  • lining of the uterus prepared for implantation of a
    fertilized ovum
  • cornified epithelial lining that developed in the
    vagina during proestrus and estrus is lost
49
Q

What is diestrus?

A
  • corpus luteum has reached maximum size and
    exerting maximum effect
  • if fertilized ovum implants, corpus luteum is
    retained well into the pregnancy
  • if no pregnancy occurs, corpus lutheum
    degenerates at the end of diestrus
    • animal then either goes back into proestrus or
      ovary shuts down and animal goes into anestrus
50
Q

What is anestrus?

A
  • a period of temporary ovarian inactivity seen in
    seasonally polyestrous, diestrous and monestrous
    animals
  • ovary temporarily shuts down

A&P - vic (21 decks)

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