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A&P - vic > Chapter 11 - stomach, intestines, rectum, anus > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - stomach, intestines, rectum, anus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

a muscular tube that extends from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach

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2
Q

What is the esophagus’ function?

A

transports swallowed material from the pharynx to the stomach

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3
Q

Where does the esophagus enter?

A

enters the stomach at an angle in cardia region - surrounded by the cardiac sphincter muscle

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4
Q

As the stomach expands, what happens?

A

folds of the stomach against esophagus closes the lower end of the esophagus -

  • reduces the risk for reflux
  • in some species the closure is strong enough to prevent reflux or vomiting (horse, rabbit)
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5
Q

What are the 5 different areas in a monogastric stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloris

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6
Q

What is the cardia?

A

opening from the esophagus

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7
Q

What is the body and what does it do?

A

distensible middle section

contracts to help mix food

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8
Q

What is the fundus?

A

distensible blind pouch; expands as more food is swallowed

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9
Q

Fundus and body contain and do what?

A

numerous glands

relax with swallowing of food

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10
Q

Gastric glands contain…?

A

parietal cells
chief cells
mucous cells

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11
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

produce hydrochloric acid

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12
Q

What are chief cells?

A

produce the enzyme pepsinogen

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13
Q

What are mucous cells?

A

produce the protective mucus

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14
Q

What does the pyloric antrum do?

A

grinds up swallowed food; regulates hydrocholoric acid
increases contractions in response to swallowing; stimulates mixing, grinding, and propulsive contractions that move food toward the pylorus
has glands that contains G cells - secrete gastrin

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15
Q

What is pylorus and what does it do?

A

muscular sphincter
regulates the movement of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum
prevents backflow of duodenal contents into the stomach

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16
Q

What is peristalsis that occurs in stomach and small intestines?

A

the succession of waves of involuntary muscular contraction of various bodily tubes

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17
Q

What layers does the stomach contain?

A

mucosal layer
submucosa
muscular layer (longitudinal and circular muscle fibers)
outer serosal layer

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18
Q

Smooth muscle in stomach wall responds to…?

A

hormones, peptides, nervous system controls

19
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation causes ______ to relax and ______ contractions in the antrum.

A

fundus

increases

20
Q

Sympathetic stimulation can cause a _______ in motility - gastric atony,

A

decrease

21
Q

What is gastric atony?

A

a large distended stomach lacking in tone as seen in a horse that is a windsucker and continuously swallows air. Predisposes to chronic indigestion.

22
Q

What is gastrin?

A

produced by the G cells in the antrum of the stomach
increases production of hydrochloric acid
inhibits muscle activity of the fundus

23
Q

What is enterogastric reflex?

A

distension of the intestines or increased acidity in the duodenum inhibits stomach contraction - delays gastric emptying

24
Q

What is secretin?

A

released from duodenum in response to excess stomach acid in small intestine

  • can cause fundus to relax
  • can inhibit peristalsis of the body and antrum of the stomach to slow gastric emptying
25
Q

What is antrum?

A

The pyloric end of the stomach, partially shut off during digestion from the cardiac end by sphincter muscles in the stomach wall.

26
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

released in response to large amounts of fats or proteins in duodenum
- decreases contraction of the antrum, body and fundus

27
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

secreted by chief cells; precursor for the enzyme pepsin

-breaks proteins into chains of amino acids

28
Q

Intrinsic factor is ?

A

secreted from glands in submucosa
-in some species, intrinsic factor must combine with vitamin B12 in order for B12 to be absorbed from the small intestine

29
Q

What is mucus?

A

complex of substances; provides protective coating for the stomach against acidic gastric environment
-must be secreted continuously

30
Q

What is mucins?

A

produced by goblet cells in gastric glands; main constituent of the mucous coating

31
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

a goblet-shaped epithelial cell that secretes mucin

32
Q

What does a bicarbonate ion do?

A

alkalinizes the mucus

33
Q

What is hydrochloric acid?

A
  • hydrogen H+ and chloride Cl- ions - secreted by parietal cells in the gastric glands then combine in the stomach to produce hydrochloric acid
  • receptors on parietal cells for gastrin, histamine, and acetycholine involved in regulation of H= and Cl- secretion
  • selectively blocking one of these receptors decreases the production of stomach acid
34
Q

What is prostaglandins (PGs)?

A
  • inhibit gastrin release
    -stimulate the gastric glands to produce the bicarbonate ion
  • enhance blood flow to the stomach
  • stabalize lysosomes within gastric cells
    regulate the activity of macrophages and mast cells
35
Q

What are ruminants?

A
  • cattle, sheep, goats
  • one true stomach and 3 forestomachs
  • swallow their food, regurgitate it to chew on it some more before swallowing it again (rumination)
36
Q

What is another word for true stomach?

A

abomasum

37
Q

What is reticulum?

A
  • smallest, most cranial compartment of the forestomach compartments
  • separated from the rumen by the ruminoreticular fold
  • lining composed of honeycomb arrangements of folds
  • reticulum and rumen - coordinated contractions
38
Q

What are the three forestomachs called?

A

reticulum, rumen and omasum

39
Q

Ruminants _______ their food.

A

ruminate - swallow food and then bring it back up the esophagus to their mouth (regurgitate) to chew on it some more before swallowing it again (rumination)

40
Q

What’s another name for rumination?

A

chewing the cud

41
Q

What is rumen?

A

series of muscular sacs partially separated from one another by long muscular folds of rumen wall called pillars

42
Q

Pillars aid in ______ and ______ of ruminal contents.

A

mixing and stirring

43
Q

What is reticuloruminal contractions?

A
  • allow partially digested plant food to be regurgitated

- allow built-up carbon dioxide or methane gas to be expelled from the rumen

A&P - vic (21 decks)

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