Anatomical Terms Flashcards
Anatomical planes are what?
- imaginary slices through animal bodies
- used as reference points to describe positions or to indicate how a part of the body is being viewed
What are the three basic planes?
dorsal plane
transverse plane
sagittal plane - median plane
What is the dorsal plane?
divides the body into dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) parts
What is the transverse plane?
divides the body into cranial (front) and caudal (rear)
What is sagittal plane and median plane?
divides the body into left and right parts
Median plane is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
What does cranial mean?
toward the head (cranium) Also the “front” surface of a limb proximal to the carpus or tarsus
What does caudal mean?
toward the tail. Also the “back” surface of a limb proximal to the carpus or tarsus
What does rostral mean?
toward the tip of the nose (used only on the head) (rostrum)
What does dorsal mean?
means toward the backbone (top) surface
What does ventral mean?
means toward the belly (bottom) surface of the body
What does medial mean?
means towards the median plane
What does lateral mean?
means away from the medial plane
What does the median surface of a limb mean?
is the inside surface
What does the lateral surface mean?
is the outside surface
What does deep or internal mean?
means towards the center of the body or a body part
What does superficial or external mean?
means toward the surface of the body or a body part
Proximal and distal are only used for?
appendages
Proximal means?
toward the attachment of the appendage to the body
Distal means?
away from the attachment to the body
Palmar means?
ground/back surface of front limb distal to the carpus
Plantar means?
Ground/back surface of hind limb distal to the tarus
What does Anatomy mean?
the form and structure of the body and its parts
What is physiology?
the function of the body and its parts
What are the approaches to the study of Anatomy and Physiology?
Microscopic anatomy - deals with structures so small we need a microscope to see them clearly Macroscopic anatomy - also called gross anatomy - deals with body parts large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, such as organs, muscles, and bones Regional anatomy (individual regions) vs. systematic anatomy (individual systems)
What is carpus?
the proximal-distal dividing line for the front leg
What is tarsus?
the dividing line for the rear leg
What is bilateral symmetry?
means that the left and right halves of an animal’s body are mirror images of each other.
the principle of bilateral symmetry accurately reflects the basic inner and outer structure of the body. (paired structures such as the kidney’s, lungs, and legs - approx mirror images)
What are the body cavities?
a small dorsal cavity and a much larger ventral cavity
What is the dorsal body cavity?
contains the brain and spinal cord, this is the central nervous system.
What is the ventral body cavity?
much larger than the dorsal one. it contains most of the soft organs (viscera) of the body. It is divided by the thin diaphragm muscle into the cranial thoracic cavity - also known as thorax or chest, caudal abdominal cavity - abdomen
What is the pleura?
a thin membrane that covers the organs in the thoracic cavity - even the cavity itself is lined by pleura
What is the layer that covers the organs?
visceral layer of pleura
What is the layer that lines the whole thoracic cavity?
parietal layer of pleura
Cranial surface means?
The “front” surface of the leg
Caudal surface means?
The “back” surface of the leg
Dorsal surface means
The area that is distal to the carpus and tarsus, the area that includes the “front” of the leg and the top of the foot
Palmer surface is …?
The area on the “back of the limb, including the bottom of the foot on the front leg
Plantar surface is …
The area on the “back of the limb, including the bottom of the foot on the hind leg
A dorsal recumbent animal is lying on its…?
back (dorsal surface) with its belly facing upward
An animal in sternal recumbency is….?
the opposite of dorsal recumbency. It is lying on its sternum (ventral surface) with its back facing upward
Lateral recumbency describes an animal lying…?
on its side. Add left and right indicates which side the animal is lying on
An animal lying on its right side is in …?
right lateral recumbency
An animal lying on its left isde is in …?
left lateral recumbency
An animal positioned with their bodies tilted between true dorsal or sternal and true lateral recumbency is known as ?
oblique recumbency
The mouth, intestines, and urinary bladder are lined with ______ tissue.
epithelial
_____ are made up of groups of tissues that work together for common purposes.
organs
_______ muscles moves the bones of the skeleton and is under conscious nervous system control.
skeletal
True or False. The nervous system is composed of glands and hormones?
False
True or False. Systems are the most complex level of body organization?
True - systems are groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities.
The ventral body cavity is much larger than the dorsal one, it contains …?
most of the soft organs (visera) of the body It is divided by the thin diaphragm muscle into the cranial thoracic cavity, or thorax or chest & the caudal abdominal cavity, known as the spinal cord. It is formed by the vertebrae of the spine, and it houses and protects the spinal cord
The dorsal body cavity consists of: a. the peritoneal and pleural cavities b the cranial and spinal cavities c. the visceral and parietal cavities q of the above
b. the cranial and spinal cavities
The _______ body is responsible for homeostasis.
whole
The cranium houses and ______ the _______.
protects the brain
An example of a macroscopic anatomic part is?
muscles
The system consisting of glands and hormones is called?
endocrine
What plane is perpendicular to the sagittal and transverse plane?
a. dorsal
b. midsagittal
c. median
d. cranial
a. dorsal``
These terms refer to up and down: a- cranial and caudal b. dorsa and ventral c. medial and lateral d. rostral and caudal
b, dorsal and ventral
The plantar surface is:
a. located distal to the tarsus on the back of the hind limb
b. located proximal to the tarsus on the back of the hind limb
c. located distal to the cafpus on the front of the front limb
d. located proximal to the carpus on the back of the front limb
a.
What divides the ventral body cavity into the cranial throacic cavity and the caudal abdominal cavitY? a. the liver b. the stomach c. intercostal muscles d. the diaphragm
d. the diaphragm
Inflammation of the pleural layers of the abdomen is called:
a. Peritonitis
b. pleuritis
c. Pleurisy
d. gastritis
b. pleuritis
