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PSYCH-101 > Chapter 17 Attitudes and social cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Attitudes and social cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Attitude

A

an association between an act or object and an evaluation

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2
Q

Attitude strength

A

the durability and impact of an attitude on behaviour- influenced by attitude importance and attitude accessibility

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3
Q

Attitude importance

A

the personal relevance of an attitude and the psychological significance of that attitude for an individual

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4
Q

Attitude accessibility

A

the ease with which an attitude is activated or comes to mind

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5
Q

Persuasion

A

deliberate efforts to change an attitude

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6
Q

Central route

A

method of persuasion that involves inducing the recipient of a message to think carefully and weigh the arguments

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7
Q

Peripheral route

A

a method of persuasion that appeals less to rational and thoughtful processes than to automatic or emotional ones

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8
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

the model of persuasion that proposes that knowing how to appeal to a person requires figuring out the likelihood that he/she will think much about the arguments

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9
Q

First impressions

A

can have an important influence on subsequent info processing

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10
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

occurs when a person experiences a discrepancy between an attitude an a behaviour or between an attitude and a new piece of info

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11
Q

Conservation psychology

A

involves studying the reciprocal relationships between human and nature with a focus on changing attitudes and behaviours to encourage conservation of the environment

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12
Q

Stereotypes

A

characteristics attributed to people based on their membership of groups

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13
Q

Social cognition

A

refers to the processes by which people make sense of themselves, others and social relationships

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14
Q

Identity

A

sense of who we are, influenced by social cognitions e.hg environment and role we play in life

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15
Q

Attribution

A

process of inferring the causes of one own and others behaviours and mental states

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16
Q

Racism

A

prejudicial attitudes towards members of a particular ethnic group on the belief that ones race is superior

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17
Q

Self-handicapping

A

a process by which people set themselves up to fail when success is uncertain to preserve their self-esteem

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18
Q

Prejudice

A

judging people based on negative stereotypes

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

behaviours that follow from negative attitudes towards particular group members

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20
Q

Self-consistency

A

motive to interpret info that fits the way one already see’s oneself

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21
Q

Self-esteem

A

the degree to which a person likes or respects themselves

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22
Q

Self-representation

A

mental models or representations of the self

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23
Q

Self

A

the person including, mental processes, body and personality characteristics

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24
Q

Biases in social info processing

A

fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias

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25
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to assume that other peoples behaviour corresponds to their internal states rather than external situations

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26
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the tendency to see ourselves in a more positive light than we deserve

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27
Q

Self-schema

A

a schema about the self that guides the way we think about and remember info relevant to ourselves

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28
Q

Social psychology

A

examines the influence of social processes on the way people think, feel and behave

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29
Q

Downside to high attitude accessibility

A

its potential to interfere without ability to detect changes in the attitude object

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30
Q

Cognitive complexity

A

the intricacy of thoughts about different attitude objects

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31
Q

Positive affect

A

a general category of emotions related to feeling good

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32
Q

Negative affect

A

a general category of emotions related to feeling bad

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33
Q

Ideal self

A

the self people would like to be

34
Q

Ought self

A

the self they feel they should be

35
Q

Implicit attitudes

A

associations between attitudes, objects and feelings about them that regulate thought and behaviour unconsciously and automatically

36
Q

Attitudinal coherence

A

the extent to which an attitude is internally consistent

37
Q

Attitudinal ambivalence

A

the extent to which a given attitude object is associated with conflicting evaluative responses- positive and negative dimensions that are relatively independent

38
Q

self-presentation

A

process by which people try to control the impressions that others form of them

39
Q

Actual self

A

how they really are

40
Q

Attitude inoculation

A

building up a receivers resistance to an opposing attitude by presenting weak arguments for it or forewarning of a strong opposing persuasive appeal

41
Q

Persuasion

A

deliberate efforts to change an attitude

42
Q

Components of persuasion

A

source, message, channel, context and receiver

43
Q

The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A

proposes that knowing how to appeal to a person requires figuring out the likelihood that he or she will think much about the arguments

44
Q

Dissonance reduction

A

reducing an uncomfortable emotional state reinforces an attitude change- occurs automatically without conscious reflection

45
Q

Self-perception theory

A

individual infer their attitudes, emotional and other internal states by observing their own behaviour

46
Q

First impressions

A

the initial perceptions of another person that affects future beliefs about that person

47
Q

Halo effect

A

tendency to assume that positive qualities cluster together

48
Q

What is beautiful is good

A

people who are physically attractive are assumed to possess a number of other favourable qualities

49
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when feeling attractive leads to behaviours perceived by other as attractive

50
Q

stereotypes

A

characteristics attributed to people based on their membership of a specific group

51
Q

Prejudice

A

judging people based on stereotypes

52
Q

Discrimination

A

behaviours that follow from evaluations or attitudes towards members of a particular group

53
Q

Racism

A

specific form of prejudice based on a set of norms that their is a biological hierarchy that deems one ethnic group superior to another

54
Q

Polyculturalism

A

that attitude that all cultures are interrelated and dynamic with loose boundaries

55
Q

Authoritarian persona

A

a tendency to hate people who are different- individuals tend to have a dominant father and submissive mother

56
Q

Social identity theory

A

suggest that people derive part of their identity from the groups to which they belong

57
Q

IN-GROUPS

A

people perceived as belonging to a valued group

58
Q

OUT-GROUPS

A

people perceived as not belonging to a valued group

59
Q

Superordinate goals

A

goals requiring groups to cooperate for the benefit of all

60
Q

Augmentation

A

increasing an internal attribution for behaviour that has occurred despite situational demands

61
Q

Discounting

A

when people downplay the role of one variable, because they know that others may be contributing to the behaviour in question

62
Q

External attributions

A

attributions to the situation

63
Q

internal attributions

A

attributions to the person

64
Q

Intuitive scientists

A

the concept of people as lay scientists who use intuitive theories, frame hypotheses and collect data about themselves

65
Q

Attribution

A

the process of inferring the causes of ones own and others mental states and behaviour

66
Q

Assimilation

A

acculturation that involves absorption into the dominant culture and abandonment of the traditional

67
Q

Attributional style

A

a persons habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours or events

68
Q

3 types of attribution info

A

consensus, consistency and distinctiveness

69
Q

Consensus

A

the way most people respond

70
Q

Consistency

A

the extent to which a person always responds in the same way to the same stimulus

71
Q

Distinctiveness

A

refers to the individuals likelihood to respond this way to many different stimulus

72
Q

Ostracism

A

people are excluded, rejected or ignored

73
Q

3 elements of attribution

A

people seek to understand why certain events happen, people attribute the outcome to a cause, people base their future behaviour on the attributions they make

74
Q

BIRG

A

basking in reflected glory

75
Q

3 step process to making attribution

A

categorise the behaviour you’ve observed, categorise the persons personality and this may discount the attribution

76
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to assume that other peoples behaviour corresponds to their internal states rather than their external situations

77
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to seek out info that confirms your own hypotheses

78
Q

self-presentation

A

people attempt to control the impressions that others form of them

79
Q

self-concept

A

concept of self- guides the way we think about and remember info about ourselves

80
Q

self-presentational predicaments

A

instances which our desires to influence the impressions people form of us fail

81
Q

self-monitoring

A

individual differences in the degree to which people manage their impressions

PSYCH-101 (23 decks)

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