chapter 17 Flashcards
enclosure movement
The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.
crop rotation
the action or system of rotating crops.
industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. … This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power, including steam ships and railroads, that effected social, cultural and economic conditions.
factors of production
Factors of production is an economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
mechanization
Mechanization or mechanisation (British English) is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery. In an early engineering text a machine is defined as follows: … In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools.
factory system
Definition of factory system. : the system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments —contrasted with domestic system.
cottage industry
a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home.
entreprenuer
a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.
tenements
a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments.
mass production
Mass production is the manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently utilizing assembly line technology. Mass production refers to the process of creating large numbers of similar products efficiently.
fordism
Fordism is a term widely used to describe (1) the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or (2) the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism.
corporation
company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.
monopoly
the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.
strikes
hit forcibly and deliberately with one’s hand or a weapon or other implement.
unions
the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.
collective
done by people acting as a group.
bargaining
negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction
Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney (December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825) was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South
James Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit is defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to express the rate of energy conversion or transfer with respect to time.
Henry Bessemer
Sir Henry Bessemer (19 January 1813 – 15 March 1898) was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre.
Richard Arkwright
Sir Richard Arkwright (23 December 1732 in Preston – 3 August 1792 in Cromford) was an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.
Robert Fulton
Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765 – February 24, 1815) was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont.
Samuel Morse
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.
Henry Ford
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.
JP Morgan
John Pierpont “J. P.” Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.
immigration
the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
leisure
opportunity afforded by free time to do something.
emigration
the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.
push and pull factors
Definition. Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate.
textiles
type of cloth or woven fabric.
middle class
the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.
Jane Addams
Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace.
child labor laws
child labor laws definition. Laws passed over many decades, beginning in the 1830s, by state and federal governments, forbidding the employment of children and young teenagers, except at certain carefully specified jobs.
Stuart mill
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. … Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed significantly to the theory of the scientific method.
utilitarianism
the doctrine that an action is right insofar as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct.
meiji restoration
The Meiji Restoration (明治維新 Meiji Ishin ?), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.
