chapter 17

Question 1

enclosure movement

Answer 1

The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.

Question 2

crop rotation

Answer 2

the action or system of rotating crops.

Question 3

industrial revolution

Answer 3

The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. … This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power, including steam ships and railroads, that effected social, cultural and economic conditions.

Question 4

factors of production

Answer 4

Factors of production is an economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.

Question 5

mechanization

Answer 5

Mechanization or mechanisation (British English) is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery. In an early engineering text a machine is defined as follows: … In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools.

Question 6

factory system

Answer 6

Definition of factory system. : the system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments —contrasted with domestic system.

Question 7

cottage industry

Answer 7

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home.

Question 8

entreprenuer

Answer 8

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Question 9

tenements

Answer 9

a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments.

Question 10

mass production

Answer 10

Mass production is the manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently utilizing assembly line technology. Mass production refers to the process of creating large numbers of similar products efficiently.

Question 11

fordism

Answer 11

Fordism is a term widely used to describe (1) the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or (2) the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism.

Question 12

corporation

Answer 12

company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Question 13

monopoly

Answer 13

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Question 14

strikes

Answer 14

hit forcibly and deliberately with one’s hand or a weapon or other implement.

Question 15

unions

Answer 15

the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

Question 16

collective

Answer 16

done by people acting as a group.

Question 17

bargaining

Answer 17

negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction

Question 18

Eli Whitney

Answer 18

Eli Whitney (December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825) was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South

Question 19

James Watt

Answer 19

The watt (symbol: W) is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit is defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to express the rate of energy conversion or transfer with respect to time.

Question 20

Henry Bessemer

Answer 20

Sir Henry Bessemer (19 January 1813 – 15 March 1898) was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre.

Question 21

Richard Arkwright

Answer 21

Sir Richard Arkwright (23 December 1732 in Preston – 3 August 1792 in Cromford) was an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.

Question 22

Robert Fulton

Answer 22

Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765 – February 24, 1815) was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont.

Question 23

Samuel Morse

Answer 23

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.

Question 24

Henry Ford

Answer 24

Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Question 25

JP Morgan

Answer 25

John Pierpont “J. P.” Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.

Question 26

immigration

Answer 26

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Question 27

leisure

Answer 27

opportunity afforded by free time to do something.

Question 28

emigration

Answer 28

the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.

Question 29

push and pull factors

Answer 29

Definition. Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate.

Question 30

textiles

Answer 30

type of cloth or woven fabric.

Question 31

middle class

Answer 31

the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.

Question 32

Jane Addams

Answer 32

Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace.

Question 33

child labor laws

Answer 33

child labor laws definition. Laws passed over many decades, beginning in the 1830s, by state and federal governments, forbidding the employment of children and young teenagers, except at certain carefully specified jobs.

Question 34

Stuart mill

Answer 34

John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. … Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed significantly to the theory of the scientific method.

Question 35

utilitarianism

Answer 35

the doctrine that an action is right insofar as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct.

Question 36

meiji restoration

Answer 36

The Meiji Restoration (明治維新 Meiji Ishin ?), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.