Chapter 16: Scientific Revolution

Question 0

Heliocentrism

Answer 0

Sun centered earth, where the earth and all other bodies move around the sun and the stars are fixed and the earth moves on its axis as well as rotating around the earth

Question 1

Geocentrism

Answer 1

Idea of an earth center world, where 10 orbs or light and divinity circled the earth and beyond the 10th orb was heaven
Christianized

Question 2

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 2

Wrote “On The Revolution Of The Heavenly Spheres” which contradicted Ptolemy and said the world was Heliocentric

Question 3

Tycho Brahe

Answer 3

Studied the movement of the stars and planets very carefully. Had some of the most detailed observations. He rejected geocentric ideas but couldn’t agree with Copernicus that the earth moved

Question 4

Johannes Kepler

Answer 4

Disproved the geocentric idea further. Made 3 laws that state: the planets move in elliptical orbits not circular, the speed of a planet depends on how close or far it is from the sun, planets with larger orbits have slower revolutions

Question 5

Galileo Galilei

Answer 5

First to turn telescope to the sky, found moons around jupiter, found that the other orbs were made out of materials just like earth, was not very liked by the catholic church

Question 6

Issac Newton

Answer 6

Combined the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
Made the 3 laws of motion
Made the universal law of gravity
World machine

Question 7

Galen

Answer 7

Ancient greek physician, focused on anatomy/physiology/disease
Used animals in dissection instead of humans leaving his work inaccurate, physiology described two different blood streams, disease was based off an imbalance of the “humors”

Question 8

Paracelsus

Answer 8

Rejected Aristotle and Galen
Believed in macrocosmic-microcosmic philosophy
Used chemical medicines with detail to dosage
“Like cures like”

Question 9

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 9

Wrote “On The Fabric Of The Human Body”
Corrected many of Galen’s errors in anatomy but still clung to some errors
Hands on

Question 10

William Harvey

Answer 10

Wrote “On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood”
Laid the foundation for modern physiology.
Corrected Galen’s misconceptions of the blood system

Question 11

Robert Boyle

Answer 11

First scientist to conduct controlled experiments
Made a law that states “ the volume of gas varies with the pressure exerted on it”
Favored the theory of atoms

Question 12

Antoine Lavoisier

Answer 12

Founder of modern chemistry

Invented a system of naming the chemical elements

Question 13

Margaret Cavendish

Answer 13

Was a big participant in science but was excluded from the “Royal Society” of scientists
Criticized the idea that “through science men can control nature”

Question 14

Maria Sibylla Merian

Answer 14

Entomologist
Used great illustrations to show her observations
Wrote “Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam”

Question 15

Maria Winkelmann

Answer 15

Great astronomer
Found a comet
Wasn’t accepted into a job by the Berlin Academy

Question 16

Rene Descartes

Answer 16

Mind and matter were separate bc the mind can not be doubted

Question 17

Francis Bacon & the Scientific Method

Answer 17

Invented the scientific method to lay a foundation for humans conquering nature in action. It had carefully organized experiments and thorough observations

Question 18

Blaise Pascal

Answer 18

Scientist & Mathematician
Wanted to keep science & religion together
Invented calculating machine, theory of the chance of probability, conic sections

Question 19

English Royal Society

Answer 19

Started in London and Oxford
Recognized in 1662 by Charles II
Little government control
Theoretical sciences(astronomy)

Question 20

French Royal Academy of Sciences

Answer 20

Started in Paris
Recognized in 1666 by Louis XIV
State/government support members appointed and paid
Practical sciences(to better the state)

Question 21

Benedict de Spinoza

Answer 21

Rejected the tenets of judaism
God is not the creator of the world but he is the universe
We are all equals