Chapter 15: Absolutism Flashcards
Defenestration of Prague
Threw officials out of a seven story building
Fredrick IV (of the Palatinate)
Calvinist ruler
Formed a league of German Protestant states called the Protestant Union
Gustavus Adolphus
King of Sweden
Responsible for reviving Sweden and making it into a great Baltic power.
Led an army into Germany to defend fellow Lutherans
Peace of Westphalia
Ended the war in Germany in 1648
Ensured ALL German states were allowed to determine their own religion
Jacques Bossuet and the Divine Right of kings
Wrote the book “Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture”
Said that God gave divine power to certain people who were the kings
These kings were responsible to no one but god
Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIII
Was Louis chief minister, initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy
Eliminated military and political rights of the Huguenots but kept religion
Sent out intendants to execute the orders of central government
Put France in a great debt
Cardinal Mazarin
Succeeded Cardinal Richelieu and continued his policies
Louis XIV
Son of Louis XIII
Greatest ruler
Liked war
The Fronde
Revolt against Mazarin (2 of them)
The first ended in compromise
Second was crushed
Consisted of nobles and parliament of paris and many masses of unhappy french
Edict of Fontainbleau
Opposed Protestants and closed all their schools and churchs
Versailles
Location of the royal court
Home to the king, location of central government machinery, place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves, arena for rival aristocratic factions jostled for power.
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Controller general of finances
Sought wealth through mercantilism
Frederick William the Great Elector
Laid the foundation for Prussia
Made a huge army
Made a new tax called the General War Commissariat
Exempted nobles from tax and gave them full control over their peasants in order to get them out of politics
Followed mercantilist policies
Hohenzollern
A dynasty
Ruled in several small provinces in Germany
Eventually became the large power known as Prussia
Peter the Great
Wanted to westernize Russia Wanted a powerful army/navy Reorganized government Created table of ranks Mercantilism/raised taxes Took control of the church Gave women more rights
The Great Northern War and St. Petersburg
This war was waged against Sweden in an attempt to gain control of the Baltic Sea, so Peter could have his trade ports
St Petersburg was a new city named after Peter and became Russian capital while he was ruling
The Dutch House of Orange
Occupied the stadholderate in most of the seven provinces and favored a development of a centralized government with themselves as monarchs
The Stuart Dynasty
Came to power after Queen Elizabeth died
King James believed in divine power of kings which alienated parliment
Puritans
Protestants in the Anglican church inspired by Calvinist theology
Charles I and the English Civil War
Parliament and its supporters were fighting against king Charles
Parliament won first phase
Charles was killed
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the radical Puritans known as Independents
Lead the New Model Army to victory over Charles in the English Civil War
Lead England by military rule
Levellers
Advocated advanced ideas such as freedom of speech, religious toleration, a democratic republic, annual parliaments, women’s equality, and government programs for the poor
The Test Act
Specified that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices
Charles II and the Restoration
Restored Anglican Church and
James II
Professed catholic
Was hated by certain groups
Parliament was not happy
The Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights: made a system of government based in the rule of law and a freely elected parliment
Glorious Revolution: king of England declares himself catholic which isn’t tolerated. Parliament invited William of Orange to take out the King
William and Mary
Ruled England but had to accept the English Bill of rights to have power
Thomas Hobbes
Wrote the Leviathan
Stated humans used to be guided by animalistic instincts and struggle for self-preservation.
The absolute ruler possessed unlimited power
Subjects may not rebel but if the do they must be supressed
John Locke
against absolute rule of one man
Wrote Two Treatises of Government
Believed humans used to live in a state of equality not war
Mannerism
Created an air of anxiety, uncertainty, suffering, and a yearning for spiritual experience
Displayed figures with distorted proportion to show pain/suffering
Strong emotions
El Greco
Painted by Domenikos Theotocopoulos
Had elongated and contorted figures with and eerie background of many grays
Had intense emotion
Bernini
Completed St.Peters Basilica at the Vatican
Designed the colonnade enclosing the piazza
Used action,exuberance,profusion,and dramatic effects in his art
Gentileschi
Female artist
First woman accepted into the Florentine Academy of Design
Was known for portraits now famed for her painting from scenes of the old testament
Baroque
Reflected the search for power that was very present at the time.
Wanted to bring in religious ideas
Used many dramatic effects like lighting and shadows and colors to creat intense emotions
Constant movement
French Classicism
Emphasis on clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony of design
Portrayed things with the conception of grandeur
Dutch Realism
Interested in the realistic portrayal of secular everyday life
Painted scenes and portraits
Rembrandt van Rijn
Painted more introspectively
Painted biblical scenes as opposed to everyday life
William Shakespeare
Dramatist that expressed the energy and intellectual versatility of the Elizabethan era
Best known for writing plays
Master of the english language
Moliere
Wrote, produced, and acted in several comedies that satirized the religious and social world of his time
Protected by the king
Miguel Cervantes
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