chapter 16 Flashcards
What are the effects caused by hormones?
Change in the plasma membrane permeability or electrical state.
stimulation of mitosis
promotion of the secretory activity
What is Steroids?
derived from cholesterol. lipid soluble.
Non- Steroids?
synthesized from amino acid which includes proteins, gylcoprotiens,
Prostaglandins.?
Derived from fatty acid.
what are the two mechanisms in which hormones act
direct gene activation ;
Second messenger system
Steriod Homone Action
Diffuse.
enter the nucles
bind to a specific sites on the cells DNA
activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins.
range from 45min- days.
Nonsteroid hormone action
from the second messenger
does not make more protein.
effects range from seconds to minutes.
Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by negative feedback
Information
A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone
Imformation
Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached.
Information.
Hormonal stimuli 1st
Stimuli by hormones to other hormones
Hormones act on other glandes to stimuli hormones
Humoral stimuli 2nd
changing blood levels ions & nutrients
body fluids such as blood and bile
Neural Stimuli 3
Control of the sympathetic
example: release of norepinephrine.
Pituitary
protected by the sphenoid bone has two functional lobes anterior posterior ** called the master endocrine gland**
what does the anterior pituitary do
glandular tissue
what does the posterior pituitary do
nervous tissue
Andrenorticotropic (ACTH) hormone
information
Two gonadotropic hormones are?
(FSH & LH)
Anterior Pituitary
Proteins
act throught second-messenger systems
Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback
Go see page 547 must know this
Information
What is growth hormone ?
general metabolic
growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
fats to be broken down
what is pituitary dwarfism
results from hyposecretion of the GH during childhood
What is Gigantism ?
Results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood
What is Acromegaly ?
results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood.
What is prolactin
Milk production following childbirth
what is Adrenocorticotropic
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
what is Thyroid-stimulating
influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland.
what is Gonadotropic?
Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads.
\
A) (FHS)
follicle development in the ovaries
B) LH
Stimulates testosterone production in males
Triggers ovulation of an egg in females.
what is oxytocin
contractions of the uterus , milk ejection , labor induction, postive feedback loop
Antidiuretic (ADH)
promotion water reabsorption by the kidneys.
Drinking alcool inhibits ADH
diabetes insipidus what?
a lot of urine output. – Hyposecretion
what is Pineal Gland?
bilogical clock, there is two systems nervous & endocrine, affect a person mood
Seasonal affecting disorder (SAD)
what is Tyrpid gland?
two hormones
- thyroid hormone
- calcitonin
Thyroid hormone?
major metabolic hormone
- thyrozine (t4)
- triiodothyronine (t3)
Thyroid hormone (con’t)
rate metabolism of all cells.
normal tissue growth and development
** since all the body cells depend on energy,every cell in the body is a target
Thyroid hormone disorder
Goiters: lack of iodine, salt is iodizd to prevent goiters.
Cretinism: hyposecretin of thyroxine , dwarfism during childhood mental deficits.
Thyroid hormone disorder ( continued )
Myxedema: Hypothyroidism in adults. Fatigue,poor muscle tone, low body temperature,obesity,and dry skin.
Thyroid hormone disorder ( continued )
Graves’ disease
hyperthyroidism , increased metabolism, rapid heartbeat, weight lost, nervous and agitated behavior. timulate osteoclasts
what is calcitonin
Decreases bloood calcium levels by deposit on bone.
What is parathyroid?
stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone. Kidneys and intestine to absord more calcium and release into blood.
what is hyposecretion?
high blood calcium. muscle spasms and convulsions.
what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex
- mineralocorticoids.
- glucpcprticoids
- gonadocorticoids.
What is mineralocorticoids
main one. secreted by outermost layer.
what is glucocorticoids
secreted by middle layer
what is gonadocorticoids
secreted by innermost layer.
Three hormones together are collectively caleed corticosteroids
Information
what is the mineralocorticoids
Target organ in the kidneys
see page 561
!!
what is Glucocorticoids? also called Hydrocortisone
help resist long term stressors, by increasing blood glucose levels. Fats and even proteins to glucose. broken down by body cells and converted to glucose.
what is gonadocorticoids sex hormones?
small amounts of make hormones
smaller amount in women,
Adrenal conrtex disorders
Addison disease.: bronze skin tone, muscles are weak, burnout susceptibility to infection.
Adrenal conrtex disorders part 2
Cushing syndrome,
tumor in the middle cortical area of the cortex. moon face/ buffalo hump/upper back
what is epinephrine ?
adrenaline
what is norepinephrime
noradrenaline
what is the pancreatic islets?
beta cells with insulin brings glucagon in the blood.
what is polyurina
excessive urination
what is polydipsia
excessive thirst
what is polyphagia
hunger
what is type one
require insulin
what is type two
insulin resistances.
produces human chorionic gonadotropin in addition to estrogen, progesterone and other hormones.
need to know this
Examples.
heart -atrial natrituretic peptide antogonist to ADH and aldoseterone.
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