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Anatomy and Physiology > ch 12. nervous system cells - CLASS NOTES > Flashcards

ch 12. nervous system cells - CLASS NOTES Flashcards

2
Q

Function of the nervous system

A

communicate

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3
Q

3 things the nervous system is comprised of:

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
  3. nerves
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4
Q

Nervous system is organized to carry out 3 functions

A
  1. detect changes in environment (internal and external)
  2. evaluate information
  3. initiate appropriate response
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5
Q

General organization of the nervous system includes 4 sections:

A
  1. central nervous system
  2. peripheral nervous system
  3. afferent & efferent divisions
  4. somatic & autonomic systems
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6
Q

Central nervous system consists of what 2 structures:

A
  1. brain

2. spinal cord

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7
Q

Central nervous system’s 3 functions:

A
  1. integrates sensory information
  2. evaluates it
  3. initiates outgoing response
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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of what:

A
  • nerve tissue
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9
Q

PNS consists of 2 types of nerves, they are:

A
  1. cranial nerves - originate from brain

2. spinal nerves - original from spinal cord

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10
Q

Afferent division consists of:

A

all INCOMING sensory pathways

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11
Q

Efferent division consists of:

A

all OUTGOING motor pathways

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12
Q

Somatic nervous system carries information to:

A

skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) carries information these 2 effectors

A
  1. autonomic effectors

2. visceral effectors

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14
Q

Efferent pathways of the ANS can be split into 2 divisions:

A
  1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

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15
Q

Sympathetic division:

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

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16
Q

Parasympathetic division:

A

REST AND REPAIR

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17
Q

GLIA

A
  • non-neuronal cells in the brain- support the neurons- means glue- 5 major types
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18
Q

Name the 5 types of glia:

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglia
  3. ependymal cells
  4. oligodendrocytes
  5. schwann cells
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19
Q

Which of the glia are “star-shaped”?

A

astrocytes

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20
Q

Which of the glia are the most numerous and the largest

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

Which of the glia form the Blood Barrier

A

astrocytes

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22
Q

Which of the glia transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons

A

astrocytes

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23
Q

Which of the glia are small and usually stationary?

A

microglia

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24
Q

Which of the glia carry on phagocytosis

A

microglia

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25
Q

Which of the glia form thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities of the brain & spine

A

Ependymal cells

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26
Q

Which of the glia produce the myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

Which of the glia are found only in the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

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28
Q

What are Myelin sheath gaps are called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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29
Q

This type of glia supports nerve fibers and forms myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

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30
Q

This is formed by the cytoplasm of Schwann cells wrapped around the myelin sheath.

A

Neurilemma

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31
Q

What structure is essential for nerve regrowth?

A

Neurilemma

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32
Q

What is a satellite cell?

A

Schwann cells that cover and support cell bodies in the PNS.

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33
Q

What are known as excitable cells that initiate and conduct impulses and make possible all system functions?

A

Neurons

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34
Q

4 components of neurons

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
  4. cytoskeleton
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35
Q

In the cell body, this organelle provides energy for neuron and some are transported to the end of an axon.

A

Mitochondria

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36
Q

This structure branches off from the cell body in a neuron

A

Dendrite

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37
Q

These conduct signals to the cell body of the neuron

A

dendrite

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38
Q

Single process extending from axon hillock - sometimes covered by fatty layer called myelin sheath.

A

axon

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39
Q

conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

A

axon

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40
Q

distal tips of axon, each terminating with a synaptic knob

A

telodendria

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41
Q

End of a telodendria

A

synaptic knob

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42
Q

bundles of neurofilaments

A

neurofibrils

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43
Q

function of the neuron’s cytoskeleton

A

allows rapid transport of small organelles

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44
Q

molecule that shuttles organelles to and from the far ends of a neuron

A

motor molecule

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45
Q

4 functional regions of a neuron

A
  1. input zone
  2. summation zone
  3. conduction zone
  4. output zone
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46
Q

The _________ zone receives input from other neurons or from sensory stimuli.

A

input zone

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47
Q

The _________ zone serves as the site where the nerve impulses combine and possibly trigger an impulse that will be conducted along the axon.

A

summation zone

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48
Q

Both the _________ zone and the _________ have many voltage-gated Na and K channels imbedded in the plasma membrane

A

summation, conduction

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49
Q

the _______ zone is where the nerve impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters

A

output zone

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50
Q

the output zone includes many voltage-gated ________ channels in the membrane

A

calcium

51
Q

3 structural classifications of neurons

A
  1. multipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. unipolar
52
Q

kind of neuron that has one axon and several dendrites

A

multipolar

53
Q

kind of neuron that has only one axon and one dendrite

A

bipolar

54
Q

kind of neuron that has one process comes off neuron cell body but divides almost immediately into 2 fibers: central and peripheral fiber

A

unipolar

55
Q

3 functional classification of neurons

A
  1. afferent (toward spinal cord and brain)

2. efferent (away spinal cord and brain)3. interneurons

56
Q

afferent neurons are also known as ________ neurons

A

sensory

57
Q

efferent neurons are also known as _______ neurons

A

motor

58
Q

signal conduction route to and from the CNS with electrical signal beginning in receptors and ending in effectors

A

reflex arc

59
Q

most common reflex arc consisting of afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons

A

3-neuron arc

60
Q

simplest form of reflex arc consisting of afferent and efferent neurons

A

2-neuron arc

61
Q

where nerve signals are transmitted from one neuron to another

A

synapse

62
Q

2 types of synapse:

A
  1. chemical

2. electrical

63
Q

type of synapse typical in adult

A

chemical

64
Q

type of synapse located at the junction of the synaptic knob of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron

A

chemical

65
Q

bundles of nerve fibers held together by several layers of connective tissue in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

nerves

66
Q

bundles of nerve fibers held together by several layers of connective tissue in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

called tracts instead of nerves

67
Q

3 kinds of nervous connective tissue:

A
  1. endoneurium
  2. perineurium
  3. epineurium
68
Q

delicate layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each nerve fiber

A

endoneurium

69
Q

connective tissue holding together fascicles (bundles of fibers)

A

perineurium

70
Q

fibrous coat surrounding numerous fascicles and blood vessels to form a complete nerve

A

epineurium

71
Q

________ matter: myelinated nerves and tracts

A

WHITE

72
Q

________ matter: composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibersreferred to as nuclei in CNSreferred to as ganglia in the PNS

A

GRAY

73
Q

the reason that damage to nervous tissue can be permanent

A

mature neurons are incapable of cell division

74
Q

nerve fibers can only be repaired in the _________ nervous system

A

peripheral

75
Q

structure integral to cell repair

A

neurilemma

76
Q

in repair of nerve fibers, remaining ________ and endoneurium form a tunnel from point of injury to the effector

A

neurilemma

77
Q

in nerve fiber, axon “_______” appear

A

sprouts

78
Q

slight excess of positively charged ions on the outside of the membrane and slight deficiency of positively charged ions on the inside of the membrane

A

membrane potential

79
Q

membrane that exhibits a membrane potential

A

polarized membrane

80
Q

membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron’s plasma membrane is typically -70mV is known as:

A

resting membrane potential

81
Q

membrane’s selective ________ characteristic help maintain a slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the membrane

A

permability

82
Q

active transport mechanism in plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions at different rates

A

sodium-potassium pump

83
Q

this mechanism actively pumps sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into neuron

A

sodium-potassium pump

84
Q

slight shift away from resting membrane in a specific region of the plasma membrane

A

local potentials

85
Q

when a stimulus triggers the opening of additional sodium channels, allowing the membrane potential to move toward zero (depolarization)

A

excitation

86
Q

when a stimulus triggers the opening of addition potassium channels, increasing the membrane potential (hyperpolarization)

A

inhibition

87
Q

local potentials are called _______ ________ because the magnitude of deviation from the resting membrane potential is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus

A

grade potentials

88
Q

membrane potential of a neuron conducting an impulse

A

action potential

89
Q

also known as a nerve impulse

A

action potential

90
Q

an all-or-none response

A

action potential

91
Q

order of action potential

A

-70 mV (stimulus) 1. stimulus gated Na+ channels open 2. voltage gated Na+ channels open3. voltage-gated Na+ channels close30+ mV4. voltage-gated K+ channels open5. voltage-gated K+ channels close- 70 mV

92
Q

voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open for only about 1 ____ before they automatically close

A

milisecond

93
Q

after action potential peaks, membrane begins to move back toward the resting membrane potential when K+ channels open, allowing outward diffusion of K+

A

repolarization

94
Q

brief period during which a local area of a neuron’s membrane resists restimulation and will not respond to a stimulus, no matter how strong

A

absolute refractory period

95
Q

time when the membrane is repolarized and restoring the resting membrane potential and will respond only to a very strong stimulus

A

relative refractory period

96
Q

action potential never moves backwards because of the

A

refractory period

97
Q

in myelinated fibers, action potentials only occur at the nodes of Ranvier - a type of impulse conduction called:

A

saltatory

98
Q

speed of nerve conduction depends on 2 things:

A
  1. diameter2. presence or absence of myelin sheath
99
Q

2 types of synapses (junctions)

A
  1. electrical2. chemical
100
Q

type of synapse that occurs where cells joined by GAP JUNCTIONS allow an action potential to simply continue along postsynaptic membrane

A

electrical synapse

101
Q

occurs where presynaptic cells release chemical transmitters - NEUROTRANSMITTERS - across a tiny gap to the postsynaptic cell

A

chemical

102
Q

2 key structures of chemical synapse:

A
  1. synaptic knob

2. synaptic cleft

103
Q

tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon that contains vesicles housing neurotransmitters

A

synaptic knob

104
Q

space between synaptic knob and plasma membrane of postsynaptic neuron

A

synaptic cleft

105
Q

3 types of synapses:

A
  1. Axodendritic: axon signals postsynaptic dendrite; common
  2. Axosomatic: axon signals postsynaptic soma; common
  3. Axoaxonic: axon signals postsynaptic axon; may regulate action potential of postsynaptic axon
106
Q

Plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron has _______ ________ that serve as receptors for the neurotransmitters

A

protein molecules

107
Q

Mechanism of synaptic transmission

A
  1. Action potential reaches a synaptic knob, causing Ca+ ions to diffuse into the knob rapidly
  2. Increased Ca+ concentration triggers the release of neurotransmitter by way of exocytosis
  3. Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor molecules, causing ion channels to open
  4. Opening of ion channels produces a postsynaptic potential, either an excitatory postsynaptic potential or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential
  5. The neurotransmitter’s action is quickly terminated by neurotransmitter molecules being transported back into the synaptic knob (reuptake) and/or metabolize into inactive compounds by enzymes and/or diffused and taken up by nearby glia
108
Q

2 kinds of summation

A
  1. spatial summation

2. temporal summation

109
Q

adding together the effects of several knobs being activated simultaneously and stimulating different locations on the postsynaptic membrane, producing an action potential

A

spatial summation

110
Q

when synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effects can summate over a brief period to produce an action potential

A

temporal summation

111
Q

means by which neurons communicate with one another; more than 30 compounds are known to be neurotransmitters, and dozens of others are suspected

A

neurotransmitters

112
Q

2 major functional classifications of neurotransmitters

A
  1. excitatory

2. inhibitory

113
Q

Functional classification of neurotransmitters can also be according to whether the receptor directly opens a channel or whether a second messenger involving _____ proteins and intracellular proteins

A

G

114
Q

mechanism by which neurotransmitters cause a change

A

chemical structure

115
Q

4 kinds of small-molecule neurotransmitters

A
  1. acetylcholine (acetate with choline)2. amines (synthesized from amino acids)3. amino acids (most common)4. other small-molecule transmitters
116
Q

large-molecule neurotransmitters are also called

A

neuropeptides

117
Q

2 Theories of Role of Nervous System Cells

A
  1. neuron doctrine- proposes that the neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of nervous system
  2. reticular theory- proposes the nervous system is best understood as a large integrated network
118
Q

neurons act as the “wiring” that connects structures needed to maintain _______

A

homeostasis

119
Q

sensory neurons act as ________ to detect changes in the internal and external environment

A

receptors

120
Q

information is process and a response is relayed to the appropriate effectors the the ________ neurons

A

motor

121
Q

neurons released into the bloodstream are called _________

A

hormones

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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