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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

What does the CNS contain?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What does it do?

A

Integrates snsory information, evaluates it, and initiates an outgoing response.

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4
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Structual and functional centre of the entire nervous system

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5
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

white matter

A

PNS: myelinated nerve
CNS: myelinated tracts

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7
Q

Gray matter

A

composed of cell bodies an unmyelinated fibers
CNS: referred to as nuclei
PNS: referred to as ganglia

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8
Q

Where does repair of neurons happen

A

in the PNS because of shawann cells neurolemma,

mature neurons cant be repaired because they are incapable of cell division

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9
Q

what is membrane potential

A

outside more positive
inside more negative
sign is relative to the inside

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10
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

selective permiabile membrane helps maintain slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the membrane
at rest more potassium on the inside
not many sodium channels open at rest

-70mv (polarized)
Start to depolarize if doesnt reach threshold nothing will happen

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11
Q

what is local potential

A

excitation: opening of additional Na+ channels, allowing membrane potential to move toward zero (depolarization). inside will be positive when sodium channels open
Inhibition: triggers the opening of additional K+ channels, increasing the membrane potential (hyperpolarization). inside more negative when potassium channels open

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12
Q

Action Potential

A

the membrane potential of a neuron conducting an impules
also known as a nerve impulse
Threshold- -59mv NEED TO KNOW
never moves backwards

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13
Q

Saltatory

A

when you have myelin sheath

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14
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

cant have another action potential gonna occur

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15
Q

Relative refractory period

A

only have another stimulus if its big enough

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16
Q

What are the types of synapes

A

electrical and chemical

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17
Q

What is an electrical synapes

A

occurs where cells are joined by gap junctions allow an action potential to simply continue along postsynaptic membrane

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18
Q

What is a chemical synapes

A

occur where presynaptic cells release chemical transmitters (neurotransmitters) across a tiny gap to the postsynaptic cell, possibly inducing an action potential

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19
Q

What is a synaptic knob?

A

a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron axon that contains vesicles housing neurotransmitters

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20
Q

What is synaptic cleft?

A

space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic knob

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21
Q

what is the arrangements of the synapes?

A

Axondendritic: axon signals postsynaptic dendrite

axosomatic: axon signals postsynaptic soma
axoaxonic: axon signals postsynaptic axon; may regulate action potential of postsynaptic axon

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22
Q

sodium and chloride can never go together

A

potassium and sodium always do

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23
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

adding together the effects of several knobs being activated stimulaneously and stimulating different locations on the postsynaptic membrane, producing an action potential

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24
Q

What is temporal summation

A

when a synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effects can summate over a brief period to produce an action potential

25
Q

what does neurotransmitters mean

A

means by which neurons communicate with one another; more than 30 compunds are known to be neurotransmitters, and dozens of others are suspected
neurotransmitters relleased into the bloodstream are called hormones

26
Q

what is the sympathetic system do

A

fight or fight prepares body to deal with immediate threats to the internal environment

27
Q

what is the parasympathetic system do

A

coordinates the bodys normal resting activities; sometimes called the rest-and-repair division

28
Q

what does the afferent divison consist of

A

consists of incoming sensory pathways

29
Q

what does efferent divisons consist of

A

consists of all outgoing motor pathways

30
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

somatic motor divisoncarries information to the somatic effectors ( skeletal muscles)
somatic sensory carries feedback information to somatic integration centers in the CNS

31
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

efferent divisons carries info to the autonomic or visceral effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)
visceral sensory carries feedback information to autonomic integrating centers in the CNS

32
Q

What are the 5 major types of glia

A 
astrocytes CNs
microgilliaCNS
ependymalCNS
oligodendrocytesCNS
schwann cells in the PNs
33
Q

What are astrocytes

A

largest glia,
transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons
form tight sheaths around brain capillaries, which , with tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells, constitute the blood-brain barrier

34
Q

what are microglia

A

small, usually stationary cells
carry on phagocytosis
engolf anything that shouldnt be in there

35
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

resemble epithelial cells and form thins sheets that line fluid filled cavities in the CNS
some produce fluid others aid in circulation of fluid

36
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

hold nerves together

produce myelin sheath

37
Q

what are schwann cells

A

only in perhipheral neruons
support nerve fibers and perform myelin sheaths
neurilemma is formed by cytoplasm of schwann cells myelin sheath gaps are often called node of ranvier
satellite cells are schwann cells that cover and support cell bodies in the pns

38
Q

what are neurons

A

excitable cells that initiate and conduct impulses

39
Q

what are the different components of a neuron

A

cell body
dendrites
axon
cytoskeleton

40
Q

what does the cell body consist of

what does it do

A

ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus
provide proteins for maintaining and regenerating nerve fibers
mitochondria provide energy

41
Q

what does the dendrites do

A

conduct nerve signals to the cells body of the neuron

each neuron has one or more dendrites, which branch from the cell body

42
Q

what does the axon do

A

conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron
pushes out the info

43
Q

what does the cytoskeleton do

A

motor molecules shuttle organelles to and from the far ends of a neuron

44
Q

what are the functional regions of the neuron

A

input zone: dendrites and cell body
summation zone: axon hillock
conduction zone: axon
output zone: telodendria and synaptic knobs of axon

45
Q

what are the classification of the neurons

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

46
Q

what is multipolar

A

on axon and several dendrites

47
Q

what is bipolar

A

only one axon and one dendrite; least numerous kind of neuron

48
Q

what is unipolar

A

one process comes off nurson cell body but divides almost immediately into two fibers: central fiber abd peripheral fiber

49
Q

whats an afferent (sensory) neurons

A

conduct impulses to spinal cord or brain

50
Q

whats an efferent (motor) neuron

A

conduct impulses away from spinal cord or brain toward muscles or glandular tissues

51
Q

what are interneurons

A

in between efferent and affernt

52
Q

what is the reflex arc

A

a signal conduction with the electrical signal

beginning receptors and ending ineffectors

53
Q

what are bundles of nerves called in the PNS

A

they are called bundles of nerve fibers

54
Q

what are bundles of nerves called in the CNS

A

bundles of nerve fibers are called tracts rather than nerves

55
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of peripheral nerve fibers held together by several layers of connective tissue

56
Q

what are the differnt layers

A

Endonerurium endo- inside
perineurium
epinerurium epi- outside

57
Q

what is the endoneurium

A

delicate layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each nerve fiber

58
Q

what is the perineruium layer

A

connective tissue holding together fasciles (bundles of fibers)

59
Q

what is the epineurium layer

A

fiborous coat surrounding numerous fascicles and blood vessels to form a complete nerve.

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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