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Anatomy and Physiology > ch. 13 central nervous system - study guide > Flashcards

ch. 13 central nervous system - study guide Flashcards

2
Q

From superficial to deep, which is the correct order of the location of the meninges?a) dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia materb) pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura materc) arachnoid membrane, pia mater, dura materd) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid membrane

A

a

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3
Q

The falx cerebri separates the:a) two hemispheres of the cerebellumb) cerebellum from the cerebrumc) 2 hemispheres of the cerebrumd) dura mater from the arachnoid

A

c

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4
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid resides in the:a) epidural spaceb) subarachnoid spacec) subdural spaced) piarachnoid space

A

b

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5
Q

The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bones is thea) pia materb) arachnoid membranec) dura mater

A

c

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6
Q

Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs mainly in thea) cerebral aqueductb) superior sagittal sinusc) choroid plexusesd) median foramen

A

c

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7
Q

The lateral ventricles are located within thea) cerebrumb) cerebellumc) spinal cordd) none of the above

A

a

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8
Q

CFS is absorbed into the venous blood via thea) cisterna magnab) choroid plexusc) falx cerebrid) arachnoid villus

A

d

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9
Q

CSF is not found in the:a) central canalb) subarachnoid spacec) third ventricled) subdural space

A

d

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10
Q

True or false?The four large, fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called ventricles

A

t

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11
Q

True or false?Interference of CSF circulation, causing the fluid to accumulate in the subarachnoid space, is referred to as external hydrocephalus

A

f

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12
Q

Which of the following is not a part of the brainstem?a) medulla oblongatab) hypothalamusc) ponsd) midbrain

A

b

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13
Q

Which of the following is not a component of midbrain?a) cerebral pedunclesb) corpora quadirgeminac) superior colliculid) all of the above are parts of the midbrain

A

d

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14
Q

The internal white matter of the cerebellum is the:a) arbor vitaeb) vermisc) peduncled) none of the above

A

a

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15
Q

The part of the brain that secretes releasing hormones is the:a) thalamusb) hypothalamusc) medullad) pons

A

b

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16
Q

Regulation of the body’s biological clock and the production of melatonin is performed by the:a) ponsb) thalamusc) cerebellumd) pineal body

A

d

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17
Q

The central sulcus divides thea) temporal lobe and parietal lobeb) cerebrum onto 2 hemispheresc) frontal lobe and parietal lobed) occipital lobe and parietal lobe

A

c

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18
Q

The part of the cerebrum integral to consciousness is:a) Broca’s areab) the reticular activating systemc) the limbic systemd) the insula

A

b

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19
Q

The 2 cerebral hemispheres are connected by the:a) corpus callosumb) mammillary bodyc) hippocampusd) central sulcus

A

a

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20
Q

Emotions involve the functioning of the cerebrum’s:a) Broca’s areab) limbic systemc) reticular activating systemd) caudate nucleus

A

b

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21
Q

The type of brain wave associated with deep sleep is:a) deltab) betac) alphad) theta

A

a

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22
Q

True or false?The cerebellum is the second largest portion of the brain.

A

t

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23
Q

True or false?Functions of the cerebellum include language, memory and emotions

A

f

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24
Q

True or false?The vomiting reflex is mediated by the cerebellum

A

f

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25
Q

True or false?The shallow grooves of the cerebrum are called sulci

A

t

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26
Q

True or false?The islands of gray matter inside the hemispheres of the cerebrum are called the basal ganglia

A

t

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27
Q

Which of the following is not a pathway that produces sensations of touch and pressure?a) medial lemniscal systemb) spinothalamic pathwayc) rubrospinal tract

A

c

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28
Q

Axons from the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord terminate in the:a) cerebral cortexb) sensory receptorsc) skeletal muscled) none of the above

A

c

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29
Q

True or false?Poliomyelitis results in flaccid paralysis via destruction of anterior horn neurons

A

t

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30
Q

True or false?Extrapyramidal tracts are very simple pyramidal tracts

A

f

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31
Q

An inherited form of dementia in which the symptoms first appear between 30 or 40 years of age.

A

Huntington disease

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32
Q

A degenerative disease that affects memory, generally developing during the middle to late adult years and causing characteristic legions in the cortex

A

Alzheimer disease

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33
Q

Recurring or chronic seizure episodes involving sudden bursts of abnormal neuron activity.

A

epilepsy

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34
Q

The portion of the brain stem that joins the spinal cord to the brain is the:a) ponsb) cerebellumc) diencephalon d) hypothalamuse) medulla

A

e

35
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the brain stem?a) conducts sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the higher centers of the brainb) conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cordc) controls heartbeat, respiration, and blood vessel diameterd) contains centers for speech and memory

A

d

36
Q

Which one of the following is not part of the diencephalon?a) cerebrumb) thalamusc) hypothalamusd) pineal gland

A

a

37
Q

Which one of the following parts of the brain helps in the association of sensations with emotions, as well as aiding in the arousal and alerting mechanism?a) ponsb) hypothalamusc) cerebellumd) thalamuse) none of the above

A

d

38
Q

Which one of the following is not a function of the cerebruma) languageb) consciousnessc) memoryd) conscious awareness of sensationse) all of the above are functions of the cerebrum

A

e

39
Q

The area of the cerebrum responsible for the perception of sound lies in the _____ lobe.a) frontalb) temporalc) occipitald) parietal

A

b

40
Q

Visual perception is located in the _____ lobea) frontalb) temporalc) occipitald) parietal

A

c

41
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum?a) maintains equilibriumb) helps produce smooth, coordinated movementsc) helps maintain normal posutred) associates sensations with emotions

A

d

42
Q

The largest section of the brain is the:a) cerebellumb) ponsc) cerebrumd) midbrain

A

c

43
Q

True or false? The spinal cord performs two general functions.

A

True

44
Q

A lumbar puncture is performed to withdraw CSF

A

True

45
Q

The cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers are called the vital centers

A

True

46
Q

The meninges end at L1 in a tapered cone called the cauda equina

A

False

47
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?a) major relay station between the cerebral cortex and lower autonomic centersb) serves as a higher autonomic centerc) plays an essential role in maintaining the waking stated) regulates voluntary motor functionse) part of the mechanism for regulating appetite

A

d

48
Q

Name the 3 membranous coverings of the CNS in order, beginning with outermost layer

A
  • dura mater, - arachnoid membrane, - pia mater.
49
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots? How does the dorsal root differ from the ventral root?

A

Bundles of nerve fibers that project from each side of the spinal cord. - dorsal root carries sensory information- ventral root carries motor information

50
Q

Name the regions of the white and gray matter seen in a horizontal section of the spinal cord

A

White matter surrounding the gray matter is subdivided in each half of the cord into three columns: anterior, posterior, and lateral white columns. Gray matter looks like a flat letter H in transverse sections of the cord. The limbs of the H are called anterior, posterior, and lateral horns of gray matter, or gray columns.

51
Q

Contrast ascending tracts and descending tracts of the spinal cord. Give an example of each?

A

Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses up the cord to the brain. Descending tracts conduct motor impulses down the cord from the brain. Ascending tracts: lateral spinothalamic, anterior spinothalamic, fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus, anterior and posterior spinocerebellar, and spinotectal. Descending tracts: lateral corticospinal, anterior corticospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal.

52
Q

Name the 3 major divisions of the brainstem, and briefly describe the function of each.

A
  1. Medulla oblongata: Nuclei in the medulla contain a number of reflex centers (cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers). 2. Pons: contains the pneumotaxic centers that help regulate respiration. 3. Midbrain: contains reflex centers for certain cranial reflexes (pupillary reflexes and eye movements).
53
Q

What are gyri or folia? What are sulci?

A

Gyri are raised areas on the surface of both the cerebellum and the cerebrum. Sulci are grooves located on the surface of both the cerebellum and cerebrum.

54
Q

How does the cerebellum work with the cerebrum to coordinate muscle activity?

A

The cerebellum works with the cerebrum to coordinate muscle or motor activity through a pair of cerebellar nuclei called the dentate nuclei. Tracts connect these nuclei with the thalamus and with motor areas of the cerebral cortex. By means of these tracts, cerebellar impulses influence the motor cortex. Impulses in other tracts enable the motor cortex to influence the cerebellum.

55
Q

What are the 2 main components of the diencephalon? Where are they located?

A
  1. thalamus, each lateral mass of which forms one lateral wall of the third ventricle, 2. hypothalamus, which lies beneath the thalamus and forms the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls.
56
Q

Name 3 general functions of the thalamus

A
  • Plays a part in the mechanism responsible for sensation, - plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions, - plays a part in the arousal or alerting mechanism, - plays a part in mechanisms that produce complex reflex movements.
57
Q

Name 3 general functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • higher autonomic center - major relay station between the cerebral cortex and lower autonomic centers- synthesizes hormones released by the pituitary gland- maintains the waking state, - functions to regulate appetite, - maintains normal body temperature.
58
Q

What is the pineal gland’s primary function

A

regulation of the body’s biological clock.

59
Q

Name the 5 lobes that make up each cerebral hemisphere.

A
  1. frontal2. parietal3. temporal4. occipital lobes5. insula
60
Q

Name the 3 basal nuclie, and describe where they are located within the cerebrum.

A
  • caudate nucleus- lentiform nucleus- amygdaloid nucleus. located as “islands” of gray matter deep inside the white matter of each hemisphere.
61
Q

What does the reticular activating system to do with alertness?

A
  • consists of centers in the brainstem’s reticular formation that receive impulses from the spinal cord and - relays them to the thalamus and from the thalamus to all parts of the cerebral cortex.
62
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A
  • subjective experience of emotions- objective expression of emotions.
63
Q

Over how many afferent neurons does somatic sensory information usually pass?

A

Most impulses that reach the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex have traveled over at least three pools of sensory neurons.

64
Q

Explain why stimuli on the left side of the body are perceived by the right side of the cerebral cortex

A

Sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex are crossed pathways. This means that each side of the brain registers sensations from the opposite side of the body.

65
Q

What is the principle of final common path as it pertains to somatic motor pathways?

A

Only one final common path, namely, each single motor neuron from the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord, conducts impulses to a specific motor unit within a skeletal muscle.

66
Q

Distinguish between pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways.

A

Pyramidal tracts are those whose fibers come together in the medulla to form pyramids. Extrapyramidal tracts are much more complex than pyramidal tracts. They consist of all motor tracts from the brain to the spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons except the corticospinal tracts.

67
Q

The inner protective covering of the brain is called the:A. cranium.B. meninges.C. cerebrospinal fluid.D. compact bone.

A

B

68
Q

The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the:A. meninges.B. sulci.C. gyri.D. ventricles.

A

D

69
Q

Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the:A. ventricles.B. meninges.C. choroid plexus.D. solar plexus.

A

C

70
Q

On each side of the spinal cord, the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together to form a single mixed nerve cell called the:A. cranial nerve.B. ganglia.C. spinal nerve.D. ventral nerve.

A

D

71
Q

Spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain. The tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called _____ tracts.A. ascendingB. descendingC. lateral spinothalamicD. spinocerebellar

A

B

72
Q

The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the:A. medulla oblongata, thalamus, and pons.B. medulla oblongata, thalamus, and midbrain.C. medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons.D. medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum.

A

C

73
Q

The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the:A. midbrain.B. medulla oblongata.C. cortex.D. cerebellum.

A

D

74
Q

The _____ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls.A. hypothalamusB. ponsC. cerebellumD. diencephalons

A

A

75
Q

The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the:A. longitudinal fissure.B. central sulcus.C. lateral fissure.D. parietooccipital fissure.

A

B

76
Q

The most numerous cerebral tracts are the:A. projection tracts.B. association tracts.C. commissural tracts.D. cerebral nuclei.

A

B

77
Q

Many cerebral functions have a typical location. This fact is known as:A. cerebral plasticity.B. cerebral mapping.C. cerebral localization.D. neurophysiology.

A

C

78
Q

The reticular activating system maintains:A. sleep rhythms.B. consciousness.C. unconsciousness.D. sensory impulses.

A

B

79
Q

The limbic system integrates:A. consciousness.B. sleep.C. emotion.D. language.

A

C

80
Q

The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short-term and long-term:A. consciousness.B. memory.C. consolidation.D. pathways.

A

B

81
Q

The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the:A. extrapyramidal tract.B. pyramidal tract.C. motor tract.D. motor program.

A

D

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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