chapter 13 Flashcards
Two protective coverings
Outer covering is bone.
Inner covering is the meninges.
what are the three membranous layers?
- Dura mater: outer layer, ‘‘tough mother’’
- arachnoid: layer between the dura mater and the pia mater
- Pia mater: surface of the brain and spinal cord.
what are the spaces called between and around the meninges?
Epidural space: between the dura matter and spinal cord.
Subdural space: between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space: located between and arachnoid and pia mater.
where is the Cerebrospinal fluid found?
CSF
It is found within the subarachnoid space and the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord.
what are the 4 fluids of the ventricles
1st and 2nd.: one lactes in each hemisphere of the cerebrum
3rd: thin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the lateral ventricles.
4th: tiny, diamond-shaped, where the cerebellum attaches to the back of the brainstem.
what is formation and circulation of the CSF
occurs by choroid plexuses
The is fluid from the lateral bentrcles,from the third ventricle, and fourth ventricle.
Some fluid flows to the central canal
Some fluid leaves and goes into the subarachnoid space.
what are the nerve roots?
Fibers of dorsal nerve root: sensory information into spinal cord
Fibers of ventral nerve root: motor information out of the spinal cord.
What is the interneurons ?
located in the spinal cord. gray matter
What is the spinal nerve ?
a single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together.
what is the cauda equina?
bundle of roots extending
what is gray matter
cibsusts of cell bodies of the interneurons and motor neurons.
anterior,posterior, and lateral horns of gray matter, crossbar of the H is the gray Commissure.
What is the White matter?
surrounds the gray matter.
Anterior, posterior, and lateral white columns.
Function of the spinal cord?
provides conduction routes to and fro the brain.
ascending tracts conduct impulses up
descending tracts conduct impulses down
what is the structures of the brain stem
medulla oblongeta,pons, midbrain.
what does the Medulla oblongata do
reticular formation network.
Pyraminds- two bulges of white matter
Function of the Vital Center.
intergration of the cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, digestive, and other reflexes.
what is Pons?
medulla and below the mid brain
white matter, reticular formation
reflexes mediated by cranial nerves.
What is the MidBrain,
is is above the pons, white tracts
gives you eye movement and auditory reflexes.
what is the structure of the cerebellum
second largest of the brain, gray matter makes up the cortex, posture, balance, coordination.
The Thalamus
Serves as a major relay station for sensory impulses on their way to the cerebral context .
What is Hypothalamus ?
Infundibulum: the stalk leading to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
survival an enjoyment
Summary of the Hypothalmic function
Hormones, water, balance, arousal mechanism, appetite, normal body temperature.
what is the pineal gland?
bilogical clock, melatonin is the sleep hormone.
what is cerebral cortex?
divided into five lobes.
- frontal, parietal,temporal,occipital.
what is the Gyri?
convolutions , some are named, Precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus and hippocampay gyrus.
what is Sulci?
Shallow grooves
What is Fissures?
deeper grooves that divide each cerebral hemishere into lobes.
what is the basak nuclei
islands of gray matter, depp inside the white matter, hemisphere.
Function: control related to the posture.
What are the three types of cerebral tracts?
- projection
- Association
- Commissural
function of the cerebral cortex?
engage in the predominatly one particular function.
what is Postcentral gyus?
receives impulses from receptors actiavted heat,cold,and touch stimuli
what is the precentral gyrus?
impulses from neurons in this area descend over motor tracts and stimulate skeletal muscles.
What is transverse gyrus?
primary auditory area
what is Occipital lobe?
primary visual area
what is consciousness?
reticulated activation system. function as arousal system for the cerebal cortex Functioning is crucial for maintaining consciousness.
Language?
ability to speak and write words.
Broca’s Area: inable to articulate words. Able to make sounds, but nothing would make sense.
Aphasias: lesion in speech centers.
Emotions:
lMBIC SYSTEM. also known as the emotional brain.
Memory:
Structural changes in the neural pathways of the cerebral cortex store long-term memories.
- Limbic system plays key role in the memory
Sensory Pathways :
goes up
Motor pathways :
it goes down.
