chapter 13

Question 1

Two protective coverings

Answer 1

Outer covering is bone.

Inner covering is the meninges.

Question 2

what are the three membranous layers?

Answer 2

1. Dura mater: outer layer, ‘‘tough mother’’
2. arachnoid: layer between the dura mater and the pia mater
3. Pia mater: surface of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 3

what are the spaces called between and around the meninges?

Answer 3

Epidural space: between the dura matter and spinal cord.
Subdural space: between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space: located between and arachnoid and pia mater.

Question 4

where is the Cerebrospinal fluid found?

CSF

Answer 4

It is found within the subarachnoid space and the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 5

what are the 4 fluids of the ventricles

Answer 5

1st and 2nd.: one lactes in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

3rd: thin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the lateral ventricles.
4th: tiny, diamond-shaped, where the cerebellum attaches to the back of the brainstem.

Question 6

what is formation and circulation of the CSF

Answer 6

occurs by choroid plexuses
The is fluid from the lateral bentrcles,from the third ventricle, and fourth ventricle.
Some fluid flows to the central canal
Some fluid leaves and goes into the subarachnoid space.

Question 7

what are the nerve roots?

Answer 7

Fibers of dorsal nerve root: sensory information into spinal cord
Fibers of ventral nerve root: motor information out of the spinal cord.

Question 8

What is the interneurons ?

Answer 8

located in the spinal cord. gray matter

Question 9

What is the spinal nerve ?

Answer 9

a single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together.

Question 10

what is the cauda equina?

Answer 10

bundle of roots extending

Question 11

what is gray matter

Answer 11

cibsusts of cell bodies of the interneurons and motor neurons.
anterior,posterior, and lateral horns of gray matter, crossbar of the H is the gray Commissure.

Question 12

What is the White matter?

Answer 12

surrounds the gray matter.

Anterior, posterior, and lateral white columns.

Question 13

Function of the spinal cord?

Answer 13

provides conduction routes to and fro the brain.
ascending tracts conduct impulses up
descending tracts conduct impulses down

Question 14

what is the structures of the brain stem

Answer 14

medulla oblongeta,pons, midbrain.

Question 15

what does the Medulla oblongata do

Answer 15

reticular formation network.

Pyraminds- two bulges of white matter

Question 16

Function of the Vital Center.

Answer 16

intergration of the cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, digestive, and other reflexes.

Question 17

what is Pons?

Answer 17

medulla and below the mid brain
white matter, reticular formation
reflexes mediated by cranial nerves.

Question 18

What is the MidBrain,

Answer 18

is is above the pons, white tracts

gives you eye movement and auditory reflexes.

Question 19

what is the structure of the cerebellum

Answer 19

second largest of the brain, gray matter makes up the cortex, posture, balance, coordination.

Question 20

The Thalamus

Answer 20

Serves as a major relay station for sensory impulses on their way to the cerebral context .

Question 21

What is Hypothalamus ?

Answer 21

Infundibulum: the stalk leading to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
survival an enjoyment

Question 22

Summary of the Hypothalmic function

Answer 22

Hormones, water, balance, arousal mechanism, appetite, normal body temperature.

Question 23

what is the pineal gland?

Answer 23

bilogical clock, melatonin is the sleep hormone.

Question 24

what is cerebral cortex?

Answer 24

divided into five lobes.

- frontal, parietal,temporal,occipital.

Question 25

what is the Gyri?

Answer 25

convolutions , some are named, Precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus and hippocampay gyrus.

Question 26

what is Sulci?

Answer 26

Shallow grooves

Question 27

What is Fissures?

Answer 27

deeper grooves that divide each cerebral hemishere into lobes.

Question 28

what is the basak nuclei

Answer 28

islands of gray matter, depp inside the white matter, hemisphere.
Function: control related to the posture.

Question 29

What are the three types of cerebral tracts?

Answer 29

1. projection
2. Association
3. Commissural

Question 30

function of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 30

engage in the predominatly one particular function.

Question 31

what is Postcentral gyus?

Answer 31

receives impulses from receptors actiavted heat,cold,and touch stimuli

Question 32

what is the precentral gyrus?

Answer 32

impulses from neurons in this area descend over motor tracts and stimulate skeletal muscles.

Question 33

What is transverse gyrus?

Answer 33

primary auditory area

Question 34

what is Occipital lobe?

Answer 34

primary visual area

Question 35

what is consciousness?

Answer 35

reticulated activation system. 
function as arousal system for the cerebal cortex
Functioning is crucial for maintaining consciousness.

Question 36

Language?

Answer 36

ability to speak and write words.
Broca’s Area: inable to articulate words. Able to make sounds, but nothing would make sense.
Aphasias: lesion in speech centers.

Question 37

Emotions:

Answer 37

lMBIC SYSTEM. also known as the emotional brain.

Question 38

Memory:

Answer 38

Structural changes in the neural pathways of the cerebral cortex store long-term memories.
- Limbic system plays key role in the memory

Question 39

Sensory Pathways :

Answer 39

goes up

Question 40

Motor pathways :

Answer 40

it goes down.