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Microbiology > Chapter 15- Specific immune system > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Specific immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

Active immunity

A

immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen

~Body is producing antibodies in response; must be immunocompetent with a fully functioning immune system; can be natural or artificial [lasts years - decades]

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2
Q

Passive immunity

A

specific resistance that is acquired indirectly by donation or preformed immune substances [antibodies] produced in the body of another individual

~do not involve antigens; providing antibodies; this helps the immune system immediately; since not body making antigens, only lasts 3 months or so [will degrade], used for immunocompetent or immunodeficient individuals; can also be natural or artificial

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3
Q

major histocompatibility complex [MHC]

A

molecules important in tissue compatibility [organ donation]
~AKA human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
~all of our nucleated cells have MHCs (not RBC)

MHC I - MHC Class 1: tags on every body cell (except RBC) saying it’s your cell

MHC II - MHC Class 2: only found in macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells; present foreign antigens to T cells

MHC III also exist

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4
Q

Antibody

A

a large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen

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5
Q

Antigen

A

any cell, particle, or chemical that has properties allowing it to stimulate a specific immune response by B cells or T cells

*substance that provokes a lymphocyte immune response because they are any substance bound by antibodies> perceived as foreign by immune system; commonly proteins, could also be lipoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, and some polysaccharides

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6
Q

Haptens

A

an incomplete or partial antigen; although it constitutes the determinative group and can bind antigen, hapten cannot stimulate a full immune response without being carried by a larger protein molecule

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7
Q

Autoantigens

A

molecules that are inherently part of self but are perceived by the immune system as foreign

*antigens from your own body; from areas of body that were walled off during fetal development, so B cells were never taught to not attack them

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8
Q

Alloantigens

A

antigens that vary in exact composition among the members of the same species, which is what causes incompatibilities in blood types

*antigens from other organisms of the same species
*response to organ donations

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9
Q

Superantigens

A

microbial toxins and proteins that can activate T cells nonspecifically and often lead to an overpowering reaction such as toxic shock

*antigens from bacteria/viruses that active T cells 100x greater than normal = release lots of cytokines > blood vessel damage, toxic shock, multiorgan failure, autoimmune disease

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10
Q

Allergens

A

a substance that provokes an allergic response

*antigens/molecules perceived as foreign and attacked, that come from harmless. non-pathogenic things (pet dander, dust…)

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11
Q

Agglutination

A

the aggregation caused by antibodies when they cross-link cells or large particles into clumps that settle; this renders microbes immobile and enhances their phagocytosis

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12
Q

Precipitation

A

similar to agglutination, but occurs with small, free antigen molecules

*antigens much smaller than a cell (typically proteins) can be bound by antibodies, increasing the speed that they are phagocytized

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13
Q

Antibody titer

A

a laboratory test that measures the level of antibodies in a blood sample.

[antibody concentration]

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14
Q

Helper T-cells

A

central role in regulating immune reactions to antigens ; activate macrophages & increase phagocytosis

*CD4 molecule on surface

-variety of helper T cells [1,2,17]

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15
Q

Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells

A

*Activated by antigen/ MHC I
*kill specific target cells

*CD8 molecule on surface

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16
Q

Immunotherapy

A

preventing or treating infectious diseases by administering substances that produce artificial immunity [may be active or passive]

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17
Q

Vaccination

A

process of inoculation with a selected microbial antigen [vaccine] in order to stimulate an immunity to that microbe

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18
Q

Natural active VS natural passive immunity

A

*NATURAL active immunity- by getting sick

*NATURAL passive immunity- through placenta/breastfeeding

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19
Q

Artificial active VS artificial passive immunity

A

*ARTIFICIAL active immunity- [vaccination] providing antigens without getting sick

*ARTIFICIAL passive immunity- in a hospital, giving antibodies = immunotherapy & antitoxin/antivenin [bunch of antibodies that will bind to venom proteins of snake] [antitoxins- like for botulinum]. [immunotherapy- people not making antibodies well enough]

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20
Q

Antigens are made by?
Antibodies are made by?

A

Antigen- made by pathogen
Antibody- made by your body

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21
Q

how many antigen-binding sites are there per antibody?

A

2

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22
Q

Clonal selection theory

A

*explains why you had antibodies in your system that recognized covid when you were born, although covid didnt exist

*explains why our immune system understands what is foreign & attacks donated organs

*Knowing what is your cells and not; how is it possible?

*3 steps of this theory

VJDC regions:
Variable, diversity, bind to antigen
Joining, constant [constant region binds to WBC]

-when you’re a fetus, your B cells are randomly choosing V, J, C regions of heavy chains and light chains for the rest of their/our life; after B cells choose what antibody they make forever,
-second phase: they want to see if the antibody works that they made; goes around in our fetal tissue and sees if antibody recognizes anything, if it recognizes something, goes thru cell suicide and eliminates itself from the pool
-Phase 3: 3-6 months after birth, B cells recognize non self/foreign molecules, so if they get activated, they don’t self destruct, they initiate an immune response, so they divide and proliferate

[explains how the immune system responds to pathogens by activating and multiplying specific immune cells that can recognize and eliminate the invaders. This process generates clones of cells that work together to fight the infection and establish long-term immunity.]

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23
Q

Any T cell that has a CD 4 molecule on surface is considered a:

A

Helper T cell

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24
Q

T cells with a CD8 molecule on the surface are:

A

cytotoxic/killer T cells

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25
Q

How do B cells mature?
How do T cells mature?

A

How do B-cells mature?
*Produced & mature in stem cells of bone marrow > circulate into body after
*come into contact with antigens and can become stimulated to proliferate and divide & produce antibodies

How do T-cells mature?
*produced by stem cells in bone marrow, then migrate and mature in the thymus
*many types of T cells, class is determined based on what type of CD molecules (cluster of differentiation) on their cell surface

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26
Q

______________ are the most common APC that happens within the first encounter with a new pathogen.

A

Dendritic cells

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27
Q

MHC II from the APC binds to:

A

the antigen & CD4 receptors

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28
Q

booster shots for vaccines help to:

A

*increase antibodies
*antibodies produced faster
*antibodies remain longer in body

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29
Q

The bone marrow is where blood stem cells:

A

give rise to immature lymphocytes.

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30
Q

Most of the progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called

A

plasma cells.

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31
Q

chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox.

this is what kind of immunity?

A

artificial active immunity

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32
Q

Active immunity enables the development of _____________________, whereas no _________develops with passive immunity.

This is an advantage of active immunity.

A

immunologic memory,

memory

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33
Q

Cody is 4 months old and is given a DTaP injection by his pediatrician as part of the routine immunization schedule. What type of immunity will develop as a result of this?

A

artificial active immunity

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34
Q

Class I MHC genes code for :

A

markers that display unique characteristics of self.

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35
Q

The major histocompatability complex is a set of:

A

genes that code for MHC cell receptors.

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36
Q

Which part of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that fold into a groove that will interact directly with and bind to a specific antigen?

A

Fab ends

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37
Q

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is very different from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the

A

variable region.

38
Q

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a/an

A

epitope.

39
Q

Autoantigens are types of self-antigens that initiate an ________________________ that can cause damage to host tissue.

A

autoimmune response

40
Q

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed

A

haptens.

41
Q

Superantigens are

A

bacterial toxins that activate T-cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens.

42
Q

the lag period between antigen stimulation and antibody response is shorter in the :

A

secondary antibody response.

43
Q

During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages secrete a cytokine that activates T helper cells. What is the name of this cytokine?

A

interleukin-12

44
Q

Antigen presenting cells include :

A

both macrophages and dendritic cells

45
Q

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

A

agglutination

46
Q

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?

A

opsonization

47
Q

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity?

A

neutralization

48
Q

The process of clonal apoptosis is designed to

A

destroy clones of lymphocytes able to react to self molecules.

49
Q

In the secondary response to an antigen, the predominant antibody is

A

IgG.

50
Q

The immunoglobulin class that is capable of both an allergic response as well as modulating a response to helminth infections is:

A

IgE.

51
Q

The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B-cells is/are

A

IgD only.

52
Q

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is

A

IgA.

53
Q

_______ is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell.

A

IgM

54
Q

IgM has has ___ antigen binding sites.

A

10

55
Q

____can label a target for complement fixation.

A

igM

56
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are used in:

A

immunology lab tests and cancer therapy.

57
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells secrete:

A

perforins that damage target cells.

58
Q

T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires

A

binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen.

binding of T-cell to a Class II MHC receptor on an antigen-presenting cell.

interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell.

typically a protein antigen.

59
Q

Which are the first to attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

A

natural killer (NK) cells

60
Q

Immune sera is produced in horses for all the following except

botulism.

spider bites.

snake bites.

chickenpox.

A

chickenpox.

61
Q

Antitoxins contain :

A

antibodies to neutralize specific toxin.

62
Q

Immunotherapy is the

use of:

adminstering of:

conferring of:

A

use of immune serum globulin. & of antitoxins.

administering of preformed antibodies.

conferring of passive immunity.

63
Q

Which of the immunizations would carry the greatest risk for immunocompromised patients?

A

attenuated vaccines

64
Q

An adjuvant is:

A

a vaccine ingredient to enhance immunogenicity

65
Q

Growing up SARS-CoV-2 in a lab and then subjecting it to UV light as a means of forming a vaccine would be generating what type of vaccine?

A

inactivated

66
Q

An example of natural passive immunity would be

A

a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

67
Q

Post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies includes shots of HRIG (human rabies immune globulin) and rabies vaccine. The HRIG provides ________ whereas the vaccine promotes the development of ________.

A

artificial passive immunity; artificial active immunity

68
Q

In the primary response to an antigen, the first class of antibody to be secreted is

A

IgM.

69
Q

Sam works in construction and stepped on a sharp nail. He can’t remember the last time he had a tetanus shot. What type of immunity is the most important for him to receive?

A

artificial passive immunity

70
Q

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following:

A

four antigen binding sites.

two identical light polypeptide chains.

two identical heavy polypeptide chains.

disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains.

71
Q

______________ are the basis for an individual’s MHC profile.

A

Alloantigens

72
Q

______ production predominates in secondary antibody responses.

A

IgG

73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Antibody molecules can act as enzymes to directly destroy an antigen.

A

false

74
Q

what is the most common immunoglobulin? (Ig)?

what is its function?

A

IgG

[classic antibody]

Fx: long term immunity, memory antibodies, neutralizes toxins, viruses

75
Q

what is the function of IgA?

A

secretory antibody; on mucuous membranes

76
Q

what is the function of IgM?

A

produced at first response to antigen; can serve as B cell receptor

77
Q

what is the function of IgD?

A

B cell antigen receptor

78
Q

what is the function of IgE?

A

antibody of allergy; worm infections

79
Q

First vaccine was made by?
how long ago?
what was it for?

A

-Edward Jenner
-around 200 years ago
-Smallpox [now eradicated thanks to vaccines]- came from cowpox

80
Q

What are immunoglobulins?
what do they look like?
what do they do?

A

*Antibodies; produced by B cells

*made of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains; Y shape structure
*2 antigen binding sites

*recognize and bind to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and aid in their destruction.

81
Q

How are antigens processed?

A

*antigens- substance that provoke a lymphocyte immune response bc they are any substance bound by antibodies = perceived as foreign by immune system

*characteristics: commonly proteins; could also be lipoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, and some polysaccharides

*processed and presented by Antigen presenting cells APCs. [commonly macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells] = WBC that can engulf and absorb antigens, alter to make them more immunogenic, load them onto MHC complexes and present them to other cells like T cells.

-Dendritic cells are the most common APC that happens within first encounter with a new pathogen. They engulf antigen and make it more immunogenic > place it on a MHC II or I receptor.

82
Q

How do B-cells become activated and what are their products?

A

*come into contact with antigens and can become stimulated to proliferate and divide & produce antibodies

*primarily activated by helper T cells [but not limited to this]

*can be activated on their own with free-floating antigens

*can become a plasma B cell, then they can make antibodies
*or they can become memory B cells, these divide slower, producing less antibodies, less active, don’t help as much with fighting infectious disease, but slowly divide and produce antibodies so your next encounter with same antigen will have faster response

*primary fx = produce antibodies

83
Q

How are antibodies produced over time?

A

Second exposure = antibodies faster, stronger, and lasts longer
[mainly IgG, + some igM]

84
Q

How are T-cells activated?

A

*Only activated by antigen presenting cells [restricted], making them part of cell mediated immunity [CMI].

*variery of different types of responses; determined by CD they carry [CD8 = cytotoxic] [CD4 = helper T cells].

85
Q

Vaccines are prepared with-

A

adjuvants and preservatives

86
Q

What are possible some side effects of vaccines?

A

Common-
*reactions at injection site [regular inflammatory response you get even if not injected with anything]- arm hurts for a day or so
*fever [systemic response to antigen introduction]
*allergies- especially vaccines produced in eggs

Extremely rare side effects:
*panencephalitis- viruses cluster, creating holes in brain = debilitating motor px [only from measles vax] 1/100,000,000
*reverse mutation to virulent strain
*bowel obstruction
*antibody enhanced virulence
*seizures [measles vax]

87
Q

Describe what “herd immunity” means.

A

We don’t need to vaccinate every single person [some people too young, pregnant, chemotherapy, organ recipients, AIDs, immunodeficient]; vast majority of ppl vaccinated = protects vulnerable people

88
Q

Checklist of effective vaccine requirements

A

Low level of adverse side effects/toxicity/not causing serious harm

Protect against exposure to natural, wild pathogen forms

Should stimulate both antibody ( b cell) response and cell-mediated (T cell) response

Should work with minimal doses/boosters

Should be affordable, long shelf life, easily administered

89
Q

What are the 4 vaccine designs?
Advantages and drawbacks?

A

***Live attenuated vaccine: [older, smallpox, active weakened virus from cow] living weakened cells-
~drawback: can’t give it to immunocompromised
~advantage: leads to strong immune response

***inactivated/ killed cell- grow pathogen and kill it— requires more booster shots bc not alive and does not replicate in body ~downside: immune response is weaker
~advantage can give to young kids bc not alive

***Vaccines from microbe parts- giving a single purified concentrated molecule as vaccine; have to identify antigens of population and the gene that makes the antigen protein
—Takes a lot of research, time and money
—Can be given to younger ind., grown & stores easily in labs

***Recombinant vaccine- covid- take adenovirus make it less pathogenic, add spike protein for covid only; or use lipid bubble and put in genes to make spike proteins
~advantage: safe for immunocompromised
~drawback: but may not cover all strains of pathogen

90
Q

Epitope

A

the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself.

91
Q

SIG VS ISG [immunotherapy]

A

*SIG: systemic administration of immune-based therapies without personalized tailoring

*ISG: customizing the immunotherapy approach based on individual patient characteristics.

92
Q

MHC I VS II

A

MHC I - MHC Class 1: tags on every body cell (except RBC) saying it’s your cell

MHC II - MHC Class 2: only found in macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells; present foreign antigens to T cells

[MHC III also exist]

Microbiology (18 decks)

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