Ch. 10: Genetic engineering Flashcards
restriction enzymes
Endonuclease; cut/break phosphodiester bonds (in the backbone of DNA) at specific sequences; destroy DNA bc they think its a virus
-could be 4-6 nucleotides long; if not the exact sequence, they won’t cut it
-palindromes allow enzyme to cut through
-create restriction fragments (DNA pieces)
restriction fragments
DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases)
cDNA (Complementary DNA)
DNA created by using reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA templates
nucleic acid hybridization
-when you have 2 strands of nucleic acids coming together & binding/forming hydrogen bonds (DNA, RNA etc.. as long as they are complementary sequences)
-can be used with oligoprobes (short DNA/RNA that is labelled with dye/something for detection)
gene probe
single-stranded short DNA fragment that has the exact sequence that’s complimentary to what you are looking for;
-got something so you can see it- radioactive or fluorescent
[a single-stranded sequence of DNA or RNA used to search for its complementary sequence in a sample genome.]
DNA sequencing
process of determining the exact order of nucleotides in a DNA segment ranging from small pieces > whole chromosomes/genomes.
The newest technologies are rapid machine-based methods with lasers/cams/microscopes that read fluorescent nucleotides on DNA strand
a common method is SANGER DNA sequencing
–need primers, TAQ DNA polymerase
involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase
Dideoxunucleotide
chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, used in the Sanger method for DNA sequencing. They are also known as 2’,3’
used to terminate growing DNA chains and create the subsets of truncated fragments in a sequencing reaction
recombinant DNA
-synthetic process- taking DNA from multiple sources and mixing them up; restriction enzymes used to make DNA.; makes immune treatments, hormones, enzymes, vaccines, enzymes used to make cheese…
- Isolate DNA you want [thru southern blot, PCR, reverse transcriptase, or restriction enzymes]
- Insert into vector plasmid [bacterias sees plasmids as being advantageous/helpful, so DNA inserted thru plasmid]
- insert into host
genetically engineered
also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism.
clones
colony of cells derived from a single cell by asexual reproduction.[units share identical characteristics]
plasmid vector
a DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to carry a particular DNA segment into a host cell as part of a cloning or recombinant DNA technique.
transgenic
cells/organims into which foreign DNA has been introduced; includes organisms created through genetic engineering
gene therapy
introduction of normal functional genes into people with genetic disorders like sickle cell or cystic fibrosis;;; usually accomplished by a virus vector
DNA fingerprinting
method of identifying patterns of specific genetic markers unique to an individual for purpose of identification; used in forensics, medicine, microbial identification…
-old method- just using your DNA & gel & restriction enzymes as they are specific to every single person;;; checking RFLPS restriction fragment length polymorphism; requires a lot of DNA like blood, semen, cheek swab
-new method— using PCR; needs small amount of DNA; FBI uses this
what enzyme is used to join 2 pieces of DNA together into a single strand?
Ligase
A technique that separates DNA fragments of different sizes is
gel electrophoresis.
When patient tissues are combined with viruses carrying a needed, normal human gene, the technique is called
gene therapy.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used:
to genetically engineer plants
True or False: There is scientific evidence that GMOs are associated with some negative effects on human health.
false
