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Microbiology > Ch. 3: Lab tools + Microscope info > Flashcards

Ch. 3: Lab tools + Microscope info Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Inoculation

A

implantation of microorganisms into or upon culture media

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2
Q

incubation

A

to isolate sample culture in a temperature controlled environment to encourage growth

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3
Q

isolation

A

separation of microbial cells by serial dilution or mechanical dispersion on solid media to create discrete colonies

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4
Q

colony

A

macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from multiplication of a single cell

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5
Q

streaking for singles

A

technique to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism (often bacteria)

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6
Q

general-purpose media

A

designed to grow a broad spectrum of microbes that do not have special growth requirements

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7
Q

enriched media

A

a nutrient medium supplemented with blood, serum, or some growth factor to promote multiplication of fastidious microorganisms

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8
Q

selective media

A

used for growth of only selected microorganisms

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9
Q

differential media

A

used to differentiate different types of microorganisms based on their different colors or colony shapes

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10
Q

viable but non culturable cells (VBNC)

A

live bacteria with such a low metabolic rate, which do not either grow or divide. Such bacteria cannot be cultivated on conventional media/ culture-based means

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11
Q

pure culture

A

container growing a single species of microbe whose identity is unknown

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12
Q

resolution

A

capacity of microscope lens to distinguish between 2 separate entities that are close by

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13
Q

numerical aperture

A

measure of light passing from object and into objective to maximize optical clarity of resolution

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14
Q

simple stain

A

positive staining technique that uses single dye to add color to cells to see it better

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15
Q

differential stain

A

uses more than 1 chemical stain

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16
Q

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

beam of electrons transmitted through a specimen to form an image; viewing internal structures

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17
Q

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

uses beam of high energy electrons to generate variety of signals at surface of solid specimens

-bombards a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons moving back and forth over it?

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18
Q

how should you carry the microscope?

A

2 hands, on the arm and the base

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19
Q

When can you use the course focus knob?

A

When scanning lens 4x is in place and the stage is all the way down

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20
Q

What do you clean the lens with?

A

only with lens paper

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21
Q

How do you safely remove a slide?

A

-first move to the scanning 4x lens
-lower the stage down
-remove the slide

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22
Q

Condenser lens

A

concentrates light and makes illumination of the specimen more uniform

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23
Q

Refraction

A

bending of light as it passes through the objective lens and produces a magnified real image. image is then magnified again through ocular lens to produce virtual image.

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24
Q

Resolution

A

clarity of an image

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25
Q

limit of resolution (resolving power)

A

actual measurement of how far apart 2 points must be for microscope to view them as seperate

26
Q

Numerical aperture

A

measurement of lens ability to “capture” light coming from specimen and use it to make the image

27
Q

Magnification

A

result of light waves passing through curved glasses or lenses. the light then bends or refracts and increases image .

28
Q

What is the physical limiting factor that keeps light microscopes from visualizing the smallest of objects?

A

resolution

29
Q

Bright-field microscope

A

specimen is darker in color compared to white/lighter field of view. Add contrast with stains to see specimen better. Usually for dead, stained specimens

30
Q

Dark-field microscope

A

specimen is light and brightly lit with dark field of view. Best for seeing live specimen (only seeing external portions of cell and how they swim around)

31
Q

Phase-contrast microscope

A

used for live specimen against gray background, seeing internal cellular details

32
Q

Differential interference contrast microscope (DIC)

A

very detailed and contrasting 3d images of intercellular details of a live specimen

33
Q

Fluorescent microscope

A

UV light illuminated specimen

34
Q

Confocal microscope

A

view thicker specimens (such as eukaryotic) shows fine details of organelles

35
Q

Deconvolution microscope

A

removes out of focus light, improve the contrast and resolution

36
Q

Which microscope bombards a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons moving back and forth over it?

A

scanning electron

37
Q

Which microscope achieves the greatest resolution and highest magnification?

A

electron

38
Q

At the end of the Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria will be seen as ___________ cells

A

purple

39
Q

The bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another is called _________.

A

refraction

40
Q

Which microscope does not use light in forming the specimen image?

A

electron

41
Q

The wavelength of light used plus the numerical aperture governs ________.

A

resolution

42
Q

The primary purpose of staining cells on a microscope slide is to __________________

A

add contrast in order to see them better.

43
Q

A common medium used for growing fastidious bacteria is ___________.

A

chocolate agar

44
Q

A nutrient medium that has all of its chemical components identified and their precise concentrations known and reproducible would be termed ____________ ___________.

A

synthetic medium

45
Q

What will result when agar is added to nutrient broth, boiled and cooled?

A

A solid medium

46
Q

A microbiologist inoculates Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli into a culture medium. Following incubation, only the E. coli grows in the culture. What is the most likely explanation?

A

The culture medium must be selective.

47
Q

The term that refers to the purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is _____________.

A

inoculation

48
Q

In lab, you are given a mixed culture; objective is to isolate single colonies. What should be used?

A

An inoculating loop, Bunsen burner, and streak plate method

49
Q

Does culturing a microorganism require a microscope?

A

No

50
Q

Syphilis is diagnosed either with microscopy or serology because the causative agent (Treponema pallidum) does not grow on any microbiological media. Which term best describes this aspect of the T. pallidum?

A

nonculturable

51
Q

You are doing research on a bacterial species, trying to determine the nature and structure of a number of intracellular inclusions. Which type of microscopy would provide the best view of these intracellular structures?

A

transmission electron microscopy

52
Q

The Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain are what kind of stains?

A

differential

53
Q

The specimen preparation that is best for viewing cell motility is _____________ __________

A

hanging drop

54
Q

Which microscope is the most widely used to show stained cells against a bright background?

A

bright-field

55
Q

Bacteria that require special growth factors and complex organic substances are called ___________.

A

fastidious

56
Q

Which method often results in colonies developing down throughout the agar and some colonies on the surface?

A

pour plate

57
Q

Which kind of medium is essential for development of discrete, isolated colonies?

A

solid medium

58
Q

Which microscope shows cells against a bright background and the intracellular structures of unstained cells based on their varying densities?

A

phase contrast

59
Q

The type of microscope in which you would see brightly illuminated specimens against a black background is __________

A

dark-field

60
Q

A pure culture contains only ___ _____ ________ _______.

A

one species of microorganism

61
Q

A bacterial cell that is deposited on the surface of an appropriate solid growth media will divide repeatedly until it forms a visible accumulation of bacterial growth. This is known as a bacterial _________

A

colony

Microbiology (18 decks)

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