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Microbiology > Chapter 13- Microbe-human Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Microbe-human Interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Resident microflora

A

the deeper, more stable microflora that inhabit the skin and exposed mucous membranes, as opposed to the superficial, variable, transient population

~help you stay healthy; can cause UTIs; acquired when you are born

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2
Q

Transient microflora

A

assortment of superficial microbes who’s #s and types vary depending upon recent exposure; [the deeper lying residents constitute a more stable population].

~typically causes infections that are not part of your body [covid, influenza…salmonella…]

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3
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

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4
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

a microbe that infects a host when the body’s defense system is vulnerable; causing opportunistic infection

~Susceptible when immune defenses are down
ex) candida albicans

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5
Q

infection

A

the entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host

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6
Q

exogenous

A

originating from outside the body

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7
Q

endogenous

A

originating or produced within an organism or one if its parts

*Endogenous microbes- from your own body…

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8
Q

infectious dose

A

the estimated number of microbial cells or units required to establish an infection

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9
Q

incubation period

A

period of time from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms

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10
Q

Prodromium

A

a short period of non specific symptoms at the end of a period of incubation that is usually the earliest indication of an infection

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11
Q

Vector [biological terms]

A

an animal that transmits infectious agents from one host to another, often biting or piercing anthropod such as the tick, mosquito, flea, or fly, but it can also include birds and mammals;

~Vectors convey infectious agents mechanically by simple contact or biologically, with the parasite developing in the vector

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12
Q

nosocomial infections

A

AKA healthcare-associated infections (HAI); infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission

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13
Q

Prevalence [of a disease]

A

the total cumulative number of cases of a disease in a certain area and time period

[total # of existing cases with respect to the population at a point in time]

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14
Q

incidence [of a disease]

A

newly diagnosed cases;
~number of new cases of a disease occurring during a time period

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15
Q

mortality rate

A

~Total # of deaths from the whole population from a disease [chances of dying from a disease]

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16
Q

endemic

A

a native disease that exists continuously in a region; pattern may reflect a vector or environmental source

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17
Q

epidemic

A

a sudden and simultaneous increase in the number of cases of a certain disease in a community

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18
Q

Where on the human body are you likely to find the most microbes?

A

GI Tract

[colon/large intestine]

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19
Q

What is the infectious dose of measles?

A

inhalation of a single viral particle

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20
Q

What is the infectious dose of Shigellosis?

A

1-10 cells

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21
Q

What is the infectious dose of Cholera?

A

100,000,000 cells

[need to eat it]

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22
Q

people who are sick while they are still overcoming and getting better from a disease are called-

A

convalescent carriers

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23
Q

The seasonal flu would be considered:

A

a endemic

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24
Q

Infection occurs when

A

pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues.

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25
Q

Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are

A

the patient’s own normal flora.

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26
Q

The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal flora :

A

during, and immediately after birth.

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27
Q

A fetus can get an infection when a pathogen in the mother’s blood is capable of crossing the placenta to the:

A

fetal circulation and tissues.

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28
Q

Of the sites listed below, which is most likely to be free of any normal microbiota?

nasopharynx
vagina
uterus
large intestine

A

uterus

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29
Q

Resident flora of the intestines include

A

Bacteroides.

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30
Q

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is

A

period of invasion.

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31
Q

The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches, is the

A

prodromal stage.

32
Q

The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed

A

sign.

33
Q

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a

A

carrier.

34
Q

If the ID for gonorrhea is 1,000 cells and the ID for tuberculosis is 10 cells, which organism is more virulent?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

35
Q

When a disease occurs occasionally at irregular intervals and random locales, it is referred to as

A

sporadic.

36
Q

The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is

A

epidemiology.

37
Q

The principal government agency responsible for tracking infectious diseases in the United States is the

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[CDC]

38
Q

A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a population is

A

endemic

39
Q

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the

A

incidence rate.

40
Q

Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are

A

biological vectors.

41
Q

When would Koch’s Postulates be utilized?

A

to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab

42
Q

All infectious diseases are caused by-

A

microorganisms or their products.

43
Q

Under certain circumstances, a person’s resident flora can be _____________________

A

opportunistic pathogens.

44
Q

Virulence factors include all the following, except

exoenzymes.
exotoxin.
ribosomes.
endotoxin.
capsules.

A

ribosomes.

45
Q

The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the

A

incubation period.

46
Q

The body site that promotes the growth of resident flora that produces beneficial body products, including vitamin K [along with Vitamin B12, riboflavin, thymine, peroxadine, acetic & other acids]

A

large intestine.

47
Q

Adhesive pili, exotoxins, and capsules are all microbial factors that help them establish infection. These are examples of

A

virulence factors.

48
Q

The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed

A

symptom.

49
Q

A microbe such as Ebola virus that sickens most everyone that is infected would be characterized as a/an

A

true pathogen.

50
Q

Which genus is resident flora of the vagina?

A

Lactobacillus

51
Q

When an infected person is in the incubation period, that person _______ transmit the pathogen to others.

A

CAN

52
Q

During birth, babies are commonly exposed to which 3 types of bacteria? [from vagina]

A

lactobacillus
streptococcus
staphylococcus

53
Q

Where do you usually find microbes on and in the human body?

A

*Skin [dead layers, pores, sweat glands, hair follicle shafts]

*Gut [large intestine- most concentrated]

*Mouth [very diverse, 2nd most conc.]

*Upper respiratory tract [oral cavity; nasopharynx]

54
Q

where are microbes highest in concentration?

A

large intestine

[it encourages microbial growth]

*Ex) Bacteroides, firmicutes

55
Q

Peristalsis

A

pushes microbes down and keeps them out of the esophagus

56
Q

Are there microbes in the stomach?

A

*not many microbes bc of acidity

*Some microbes can thrive here like: lactobacillus [lactose fermentation] & H. Pylori [causes ulcers]

57
Q

why does the mouth have the most diverse microflora?

A

due to many different surfaces [tooth, gum, roof, cheeks, tongue, etc…]

*Streptococcus- common
*can be helpful or pathogenic [anaeronic microbes = dental caries; strep throat]

58
Q

genitourinary flora

A

*has resident microbial growth
*reproductive organs mostly sterile [can’t move from vagina up to uterus/cervix]

*kidney, bladder, ureter, and urethra kept sterile by urine flow

[UTIs typically caused by microbes swimming up from exterior of body; pee regularly important to prevent UTI risk; common for women since urethra is much shorter]

59
Q

What is the connection between estrogen and vaginal pH?

A

estrogen stimulates the bodily secretion of glycogen, which is used by lactobacillus that ferments the glycogen, leading to an acidic pH; this keeps the candida yeast & other pathogens from growing well

*estrogen generally produced in fertile females, so pre-pubescent & menopausal women tend to have more neutral pH in vagina

60
Q

Describe the steps of infection

A

*Finding a portal entry
Skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, endogenous biota

*Attaching firmly to host
Fimbriae, capsules, surface proteins, viral spikes, hooks

*Surviving host defenses
Avoiding phagocytosis, avoiding death inside phagocytes, evade actions of the immune system

***Causes of damage and disease
Direct damage: toxins, enzyme lysis
Indirect damage- host response is inappropriate and excessive

*Exiting host
Portals of exit- respiratory tract, salivary glands, skin cells, fecal matter, urogenital tract, blood

61
Q

Types of microbes found in your skin depend on:

A

profession, environment, sweat…

62
Q

relation between Microbes & broken skin

A

it is much easier for microbes to enter broken skin

63
Q

Localized infection

A

when microbes enter a specific portal of entry and stay there; common for skin infections

64
Q

Mixed infection

A

caused by 2+ microbes simultaneously [ex) cavities]

*polymicrobial infection

65
Q

Acute VS chronic infections

A

Acute infections have severe symptoms, rapidly, short-lived, go away

Chronic infections typically less severe sx, but last longer

66
Q

Sign VS Symptom

A

Sign= objective evidence [temperature, broken bone, cough]

symptom= subjective, felt by the patient [headache, muscle ache, fatigue…]

67
Q

What are the 4 stages of the course of disease?

A

Incubation period- exposure, no sx [lasts until first sx]; anywhere from hours - weeks+

Prodromal stage- non-specific symptoms appear

Period of invasion [height of infection] microbe multiplying; more specific symptoms [variable time]

Convalescent period- starting to feel better, in recovery

68
Q

focal infection

A

infection in a specific local area and the infectious agent leaves the site and floats around the body, or releases toxins into the body causing system-wide disease.

69
Q

How do microbes leave the human body?

A

*Respiratory tract- coughing, sneezing, talking, laughing

*Skin cells [open lesion, dead skin shedding]

*insect bite

*Urine[rare]; feces

*Blood removal

70
Q

Reservoirs

A

term to describe where pathogens persist in a natural habitat

71
Q

mechanical vectors

A

*carrying pathogen on the outer surface
*transport pathogen without being infected themselves [ex: house flies, cockroaches]

72
Q

zoonotic infection

A

an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans

72
Q

CDC- where is it located?

A

*Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

*US agency in Atlanta, Georgia

*highest CDC level is military; mandated reporting

73
Q

What is WHO?
where is it located?

A

[world health organization]

*World wide global agency = branch of united nations

*in Switzerland; work together with government agencies

74
Q

Case fatality rate

A

of deaths from disease OUT OF from # of people who have the disease [chances of dying for people who already have a disease]

75
Q

Define + when would you use Koch’s Postulates?

What are the steps?

A

*Series of 4 major experiments used to link a specific microbe to a specific disease; if each step is fulfilled you can say the microbe causes the disease

1) Find a specific microbe in every case of disease

2) Isolate the microbe and cultivate [grow] it in a lab

3) Inncoulate a healthy test subject and watch for disease

4) Re-isolate the microbe from the diseased test subject

76
Q

what are the problems with Koch’s postulates?

A

*Some diseases only affect people, so experiments can’t be done; limited host range using Koch’s postulates

*90%+ of microbes around the world are VBNC; do not grow in lab

*Mixed infection- multiple microbes can cause

*ethical concerns about experimenting on lab animals

*incubation period may be too long, making this challenging to use

Microbiology (18 decks)

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