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Microbiology > Chapter 14- Host defenses > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Host defenses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

first line of defense

A

surface protection; blocking microbe entry from penetrating body compartments; doesn’t change throughout life

~innate; non-specific

*Physical barriers
*Chemical barriers
*Genetic barriers

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2
Q

second line of defense

A

cellular & chemical system that comes into play if infectious agents make it past surface defenses; protective cells and fluids that work throughout your body; includes white blood cells; fights infection in a non-specific way; doesn’t change throughout life

~ innate & nonspecific; system-wide

*Inflammatory response
*Interferons
*phagocytosis
*Complement

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3
Q

third line of defense

A

specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized WBC; has to learn/exposure, not born with it…

~Acquired, specific; system-wide

*B & T lymphocytes
*Antibodies
*Cytotoxicity

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4
Q

reticuloendothelial system [RES]

A

a network of fibers and phagocytic cells [macrophages] that permeates tissue of all organs

ex) Kupffer cells in liver sinusoids, alveolar phagocytes in the lung, microglia in nervous tissue

AKA mononuclear phagocyte system

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5
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells WBC; primary infection-fighting blood cells

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6
Q

Lymphocytes

A

2nd most common form of WBC

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells involved in the transport of O2 [primarily oxygen] and cO2

*lack nucleus= biconcave look

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8
Q

Lymph nodes

A

small organs located in clusters around body [pits, groin, neck, abdomen region], filter microbes/cancer cells from lymph fluid

*Swell with infection

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9
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

any fluid outside a cell

*typically where microbes are found initially when they invade the body

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10
Q

What is the most common white blood cell and its primary function?

A

neutrophil- phagocytes [engulf foreign invaders, cell debris that are smaller than them]

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11
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis

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12
Q

what is the most common phagocyte in the body?

A

neutrophil [also most common WBC]

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13
Q

which of the following would TLRs [toll-like receptors] NOT recognize?

Peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharide
dsRNA
Antibodies

A

Antibodies

[TLRs are about non-specific host system]

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14
Q

interferons protect against:

A

viruses

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15
Q

Describe physical barriers, nonspecific chemical defenses, and genetic defenses.

A

Physical
*Skin- made of a thick, tough keratin layer which is an insoluble protein, making skin water-resistant (not water-proof).
*Hair shafts- keep microbes from growing by shedding hair
*Mucocutaneous membranes- moist & permeable; a happy place for microbial growth (mouth, ears, eyes, genitals)… flushed with fluids like saliva, tears, urine
*Ciliary defense of respiratory tract; nasal hairs trap particles; cilia are cellular extensions and connected to tubulin of cells, so they can actively brush things along
*Coughing & sneezing [airflow], pooping & vomiting
Sweat glands- flushing effect removes microbes

Chemical
*Acidic pH in the stomach acid = inhibits microbes/kills some
*Digestive enzymes found in bodily fluids, including lysozyme [degrades peptidoglycan in cell wall]
*Defensins- damage cell membranes > lysis
*Sweat glands- acidic pH and high salt > inhibits microbial growth

Genetic
*Genetic makeup differences may ensure protection from some pathogens
*Genetic mutation [some people not affected by HIV; mutation for sickle cell - resistant to malaria]

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16
Q

what are the components of unclotted VS clotted whole blood?

A

*Unclotted whole blood
-Blood plasma- liquid portion of unclotted blood; mostly water, importantly also contains antibodies, nutrients, gas, fats, co2, clotting factor, waste
-buffy coat- WBC
-red blood cells

*Clotted whole blood-
-serum=liquid blood portion after clotting ; free floating anti bodies
-Blood cells [clot] = made by process of hematopoiesis in bone marrow by stem cells

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of granular and 4 agranular leukocytes?

A

*Granular

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cells

*Agranular

Monocytes
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Natural killer NK cells

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18
Q

Eosinophils- Function

A

*Destroy large eukaryotic pathogens like helminths, fungi; bump up against them and release digestive enzymes; can destroy body tissue

*Also involved in allergy and inflammation

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19
Q

Basophils Primary Function

A

release histamine, involved in allergies and inflammation

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20
Q

Mast cells

A

look and function similar to basophils, but they are bound to connective tissue, and not found in blood

*local inflammatory reactions and allergies

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21
Q

Describe the function of T VS B lymphocytes

A

B cells- produce antibodies upon activation by antigens

T cells- involved in destroying foreign material

22
Q

Monocytes

A

released into blood then differentiate/mature into:

A) macrophage- roam bloodstream, phagocytosis, antigen processing, immune system regulation

or

B) dendritic cells- similar fx but reside throughout the mononuclear phagocyte system

23
Q

platelets

A

small cell fragments originate in bone marrow

~involved in blood clotting and inflammation
[larger than clotting factor molecules]

24
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

A

*Provides an additional route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system

*Helps drain fluid that has accumulated due to inflammatory response

*Render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies

25
Q

Identify the lymphatic structures

A

*Lymphatic fluid- plasma like liquid carried by lymphatic circulation; made of water, dissolved salts, 2-5% protein (like antibodies & albumin); transports WBC & materials

*Lymphatic vessels- vessels that transport lymph; flows in 1 direction, moving from extremities toward heart, eventually back to the bloodstream;;; moved only thru the contraction of skeletal muscles that surround lymphatic ducts

*Lymph organs
Primary organs- lymphocytes are formed/reside; sites of origination and maturation of lymphocytes- cells are released to populate the secondary lymph sites
~~Thymus gland- makes T cells
~~Bone marrow

Secondary organs- microbes and immune responses encounters
~~Lymph nodes- small organs located in clusters around body [pits, groin, neck, abdomen region], filter microbes from lymph fluid
~~Spleen- part of the blood circulatory system; removes worn-out red blood cells; can swell up during infection;
~~MALT- mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue [located in mucous membranes]
~~GALT- gut-associated lymphoid tissue (ex) Peyer’s patches)

26
Q

steps of inflammation

A

*Injury
*Rubor, calor [redness, heat]
*Tumor [swelling]
*Dolor [pain]
*loss of function [scab forms]

27
Q

What are the 7 sequential events in phagocytosis?

A
  1. chemotaxis by phagocyte
  2. adhesion of bacteria
  3. engulfment into the phagocytic vacuole
  4. phagosome
  5. phagolysosome formation
  6. killing & destruction of bacterial cells
  7. release of residual debris
28
Q

Complement system

A

a series of proteins that work as a cascade to eventually form open holes on any bacterial cell membranes & enveloped viral particles; non-specific

[2nd line of defense]

29
Q

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is

A

lysozyme.

30
Q

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the

A

respiratory tract.

31
Q

Specificity and memory are associated with which body defense mechanism?

A

T-cell and B-cell responses

32
Q

Components of the first line of defense include all the following, except

-nasal hairs.
-flushing action of tears and blinking.
-flushing action of urine.
-phagocytic white blood cells.
-the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin.

A

phagocytic white blood cells.

33
Q

PAMPs are molecules shared by many microorganisms but not present in :

A

mammals.

34
Q

The 2 key phagocytic cells of the body are the

A

neutrophils and macrophages.

35
Q

All of the following are types of granulocytes because they have prominent cytoplasmic granules when stained, except

neutrophils.

basophils.

eosinophils.

monocytes.

A

monocytes.

36
Q

Plasma B-cells do what?

A

produce and secrete antibodies.

37
Q

Which cell type is phagocytic and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

A

monocytes

38
Q

Hemopoiesis is the

A

production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

39
Q

Which white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic infections?

A

eosinophils

40
Q

The blood cells that particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are

A

eosinophils.

41
Q

All of the following are types of agranulocytes because they do not have prominent granules in their cytoplasm when stained, except

A

basophils.

42
Q

The most numerous WBCs, that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are

A

neutrophils.

43
Q

Which structures are found along lymphatic vessels but are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

A

lymph nodes

44
Q

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood, and has hormones that function in maturation of T-lymphocytes?

A

thymus

45
Q

Which of the following lymphoid organs has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

A

spleen

46
Q

Due to the way the lymph drains from lymph nodes, cell and products of immunity continually:

A

enter the cardivascular system.

47
Q

Maria was scratched on her arm by her cat and the site is experiencing rubor. This means

A

redness.

48
Q

All of the following can be recognized by toll-like receptors, except

host cell membrane proteins.

single-stranded viral RNA.

lipopolysaccharide.

lipoteichoic acid.

flagellin.

A

host cell membrane proteins.

49
Q

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

A

the assembly of a ring-shaped protein that forms holes in membranes.

50
Q

First line of defense: chemical

*Digestive enzymes found in bodily fluids-
what does lysozyme do?

A

degrades peptidoglycan in cell wall

51
Q

First line of defense: chemical

*Digestive enzymes found in bodily fluids-
What do defensins do?

A

damage cell membranes > lysis

Microbiology (18 decks)

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