Ch. 5: Eukaryotic cells Flashcards
in eukaryotic cells, the structure primarily responsible for the adherence of cells to surfaces in the environment and the formation of biofilms is the ___________
glycocalyx
Cilia are found in certain __________
[eukaroytic]
protozoa.
Cell walls are not found on typical cells of ____________
protozoa.
A protein being synthesized by a cell for export would follow which pathway in the cell?
ribosome > ER > Golgi apparatus > cell membrane
The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis in eukaryotes is the _________________
nucleolus.
What are the functions of cytoskeleton?
-functions in movements of the cytoplasm.
-provides support.
-anchors organelles.
-helps maintain cell shape.
An organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for sending proteins around the cell or cell secretion is the _______________
Golgi apparatus.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis of ________.
lipids
The stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast are called
Grana
Organelles found in algae but not found in protozoa or fungi are the _____________
chloroplasts
Fungi that grow as yeast at one temperature but will grow as mold [hyphal-shaped] at another temperature are called
dimorphic.
The long, thread-like branching cells of molds are called ________.
hyphae
A mold is observed to have asexual conidia, sexual spores within a sac, and septate hyphae. It is most likely classified in the ________
Ascomycota.
The motile feeding stage of protozoa is called the
trophozoite.
The group of protozoa that have flagella are the
Excavata.
The organelle involved in intracellular digestion of food particles is the
lysosome
A series of membranes inside the cell that are an extension of the nuclear envelope and function in synthesizing proteins and lipids is/are:
endoplasmic reticulum.
Which organelle contains cristae where enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration are found?
mitochondria
Proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells are called ________.
histones
histones
proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus.
What do zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores have in common?
They are sexual spores.
Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of
helminths.
endosymbiosis
[endosymbiotic HYPOTHESIS]
the evolutionary process through which prokaryotic cells came together in a mutually beneficial association that gave rise to eukaryotic cells during billions of years of co-evolution.
—evidence by Lynn Margulis
-a smaller obligate intracellular parasite (related to Rickettsia) started to parasitize a larger archea cell. but the larger cell was able to stay alive; larger cell provided smaller cell house, nutrients… smaller cell was able to provide larger cell ATP, so they lived together so long they needed each other to survive; smaller cell then became mitochondrion; after many years, smaller cell cyanobacteria also became chloroplast in larger cell
eukaryotic flagella
a motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis.
-similar general function in prokaryote and eukaryote, but different structure
-10x larger than prokaryotic Flagella.
-has a cell membrane
-9 pairs of microtubules surrounding 2 single microtubules — microtubules made of tubulin
-whips back and forth
-find these in some protozoa, and some algae (not in fungi).
cilia
-Shorter, hair-like (same as eukaryotic flagella, but numerous, covering the entire cell)
-Found in one type of protozoa called ciliates & animal cells.
-movement/propelling into environment
[similar to flagella; only in eukaryotes.]
nucleolus
Granular mass of RNA
-dark staining region inside nucleus
[dark color is result of so many molecules, very dense]
-makes ribosomes
chromatin
genetic material of nucleus
-DNA (in the form of chromosomes) wrapped by histones (inside the nucleus)
chromosome
tightly coiled bodies within cells composed of DNA.
[threadlike structure of nucleic acids & protein in the nucleus of most cells, carries genetic info in the form of genes]
endoplasmic reticulum
extensions of nuclear envelope; just made of 1 membrane layer
-factories
Rough ER- Has ribosomes; makes proteins
Smooth ER- Makes fats, lipids.
Golgi apparatus
-hollow stack of pancakes
-receives transport vesicles from rough ER (fuses with golgi and dumps synthesized proteins into golgi)
-next to rough ER, but separate organelle
hyphae
tubular threads of multicellular fungi that form a filamentous network (mycelium) [molds]
threadlike cells, when they grow together, look fuzzy to eye= typical mold.
sometimes these cells have divisions in the cell wall; but not all have a separation between cells so may form long continuous cells with no separation [septate or nonseptate- lack cell separation].
mycelium
network of fungal threads or hyphae
[collection of hyphae fungal cells]
sporangiospores
asexual production of spores through mitosis; this involves the cleaving of their cytoplasm to produce haploid spores.
-essential in storing and protecting the spores until they are mature to be released in the environment.
conidia
a spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha.
pseudopod
a temporary growth on a cell [protozoa] that allows it to be mobile, almost like a little foot.
-Amoebas use pseudopods to move around.
lysosome
-destruction/digestion/breaking down; contains harsh enzymes
-breaks down food, bacteria in cells, viruses & damaged tissue
4 general steps of mitosis + Fx
[1ST ACTUAL STEP- interphase]
Prophase — prepares for cell division
Metaphase— chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase– things get pulled Apart
Telophase— opposite of prophase- ending; the reverse of prophase (reform nuclear envelope, chromosomes and chromatin unravel)
PMAT
