Ch. 5: Eukaryotic cells Flashcards
in eukaryotic cells, the structure primarily responsible for the adherence of cells to surfaces in the environment and the formation of biofilms is the ___________
glycocalyx
Cilia are found in certain __________
[eukaroytic]
protozoa.
Cell walls are not found on typical cells of ____________
protozoa.
A protein being synthesized by a cell for export would follow which pathway in the cell?
ribosome > ER > Golgi apparatus > cell membrane
The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis in eukaryotes is the _________________
nucleolus.
What are the functions of cytoskeleton?
-functions in movements of the cytoplasm.
-provides support.
-anchors organelles.
-helps maintain cell shape.
An organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for sending proteins around the cell or cell secretion is the _______________
Golgi apparatus.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis of ________.
lipids
The stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast are called
Grana
Organelles found in algae but not found in protozoa or fungi are the _____________
chloroplasts
Fungi that grow as yeast at one temperature but will grow as mold [hyphal-shaped] at another temperature are called
dimorphic.
The long, thread-like branching cells of molds are called ________.
hyphae
A mold is observed to have asexual conidia, sexual spores within a sac, and septate hyphae. It is most likely classified in the ________
Ascomycota.
The motile feeding stage of protozoa is called the
trophozoite.
The group of protozoa that have flagella are the
Excavata.
The organelle involved in intracellular digestion of food particles is the
lysosome
A series of membranes inside the cell that are an extension of the nuclear envelope and function in synthesizing proteins and lipids is/are:
endoplasmic reticulum.
Which organelle contains cristae where enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration are found?
mitochondria
Proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells are called ________.
histones
histones
proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus.
What do zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores have in common?
They are sexual spores.
Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of
helminths.
endosymbiosis
[endosymbiotic HYPOTHESIS]
the evolutionary process through which prokaryotic cells came together in a mutually beneficial association that gave rise to eukaryotic cells during billions of years of co-evolution.
—evidence by Lynn Margulis
-a smaller obligate intracellular parasite (related to Rickettsia) started to parasitize a larger archea cell. but the larger cell was able to stay alive; larger cell provided smaller cell house, nutrients… smaller cell was able to provide larger cell ATP, so they lived together so long they needed each other to survive; smaller cell then became mitochondrion; after many years, smaller cell cyanobacteria also became chloroplast in larger cell
eukaryotic flagella
a motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis.
-similar general function in prokaryote and eukaryote, but different structure
-10x larger than prokaryotic Flagella.
-has a cell membrane
-9 pairs of microtubules surrounding 2 single microtubules — microtubules made of tubulin
-whips back and forth
-find these in some protozoa, and some algae (not in fungi).
cilia
-Shorter, hair-like (same as eukaryotic flagella, but numerous, covering the entire cell)
-Found in one type of protozoa called ciliates & animal cells.
-movement/propelling into environment
[similar to flagella; only in eukaryotes.]
nucleolus
Granular mass of RNA
-dark staining region inside nucleus
[dark color is result of so many molecules, very dense]
-makes ribosomes
chromatin
genetic material of nucleus
-DNA (in the form of chromosomes) wrapped by histones (inside the nucleus)
chromosome
tightly coiled bodies within cells composed of DNA.
[threadlike structure of nucleic acids & protein in the nucleus of most cells, carries genetic info in the form of genes]
endoplasmic reticulum
extensions of nuclear envelope; just made of 1 membrane layer
-factories
Rough ER- Has ribosomes; makes proteins
Smooth ER- Makes fats, lipids.
Golgi apparatus
-hollow stack of pancakes
-receives transport vesicles from rough ER (fuses with golgi and dumps synthesized proteins into golgi)
-next to rough ER, but separate organelle
hyphae
tubular threads of multicellular fungi that form a filamentous network (mycelium) [molds]
threadlike cells, when they grow together, look fuzzy to eye= typical mold.
sometimes these cells have divisions in the cell wall; but not all have a separation between cells so may form long continuous cells with no separation [septate or nonseptate- lack cell separation].
mycelium
network of fungal threads or hyphae
[collection of hyphae fungal cells]
sporangiospores
asexual production of spores through mitosis; this involves the cleaving of their cytoplasm to produce haploid spores.
-essential in storing and protecting the spores until they are mature to be released in the environment.
conidia
a spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha.
pseudopod
a temporary growth on a cell [protozoa] that allows it to be mobile, almost like a little foot.
-Amoebas use pseudopods to move around.
trophozoite
a growing stage in the life cycle
-vegetative protozoan, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host.
[feeding form, as opposed to resting (cyst) form]
-
cyst
resistant, dormant, and infectious form of protozoan
-spread of infectious agents
what are the 2 main types of fungi?
yeasts & hyphae
bread mold is likely what type of fungus?
Zygomycota
how are algae classified?
by pigment
how are protozoa classified?
by motility
how are fungi classified?
sexual/ asexual reproduction
What are the 3 major types of eukaryotic cells?
Algal cell
Fungal (yeast) cell
Protists
lysosome
-destruction/digestion/breaking down; contains harsh enzymes
-breaks down food, bacteria in cells, viruses & damaged tissue
Vacuoles
storage organelles; food, water, toxins, waste, bacteria
Mitochondria
-energy-converting organelle [does not MAKE energy, converts]
-Fats and sugars > ATP (energy currency of cell for doing most tasks)
2 membranes- folds in inner membrane = cristae
-fluid-filled space in inner membrane- mitochondrial matrix
-where aerobic cellular respiration occurs
Chloroplast
-energy conversion; more complex; converts solar/light/photon energy to chemical energy in form of sugars; photosynthesis; produces oxygen gas as toxic waste byproduct
-only algae and plants have this.
-3 membranes : outer membrane (euk) , inner membrane (prok), thylakoid membrane (very similar to thylakoid in cyanobacteria)
-contains DNA in circular structure in stroma (fluid filled space inside the chloroplast) also has prokaryotic ribosomes.
-has Granum- gives pigment/color
Ribosomes (Euk VS Pro)
Prok.
30S, 50S, 70S
Euk.
40S 60S 80S
ribosomes
-NOT an organelle, [not surrounded by membrane]
-can be attached to rough ER when assembled, and subunits only floating in cytoplasm
-made of ribosomal proteins/RNA
Cytoskeleton [of eukaryotes]
& 3 components
-not an organelle, but important
-made of proteins; involved in cellular movement & cell division
-3 components
a) microfilaments- made of small actin filaments ; permeate entire cell; can move cytoplasm and organelles by moving cell and cell membrane(during cell division)
b) microtubules: made of tubulin, small hollow tubes (largest structure here) go thru the entire cell and membrane and cytoplasm; involved in cell movement (like a train track) and division [divison- spindle fibers, pull DNA apart in anaphase) (involved w movement of flagella/cilia).
c)intermediate filaments- support, shape..
4 general steps of mitosis + Fx
[1ST ACTUAL STEP- interphase]
Prophase — prepares for cell division
Metaphase— chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase– things get pulled Apart
Telophase— opposite of prophase- ending; the reverse of prophase (reform nuclear envelope, chromosomes and chromatin unravel)
PMAT
How do yeast divide?
by budding
what is the cell wall of fungi made of?
chitin
what is the cell membrane of fungi made of?
ergosterols
sexual and asexual fungal reproduction
-asexual: easier, less time less energy, but no biodiversity
-sexual: less common, all fungi can do it; go through myosis;
Zygomycota
moldy fruit/bread
-Have strong spiny walls
Ascomycota
largest group of fungi
-cup shaped fungi; orange beads;
-ascospore has a sack (Asci) with 8 spores in sac.; human pathogens here, candida, s. cerevisae
Basidimycota
racket fungi, toad stools, button mushrooms, some are edible;
-form basidiospores (club like structures) form off of end of club structure.
Chytridomycita
small group of fungi, has major impacts on amphibian life; oval shaped cells; gametes have motility, swim in water.; kill off frogs :(.
-Amphibians more prone bc they’re in water and have porous skin
endospores vs spores
Endospores- bacteria forms (forms in bad environments)
Spores- fungi forms. Spores form in good environment
Identify the 4 protozoan families based on locomotion.
Amoebazoans: oozing movement; move cell membrane around; mostly free living; move by pseudopods
Flagellates - use flagella made of microtubules; whip like motions; excavata.; giardia
Ciliates -also made of microtubules, whip-like motion, all over cell- SAR - tend to have 2 nuclei; macro and micronucleus
Apicomplexa- lack motility; a parasite that lives in host so doesn’t need to move
The largest organ structure in helminths:
reproductive organs
what is the storage form for energy that human/animal muscle cells use for sugar?
glycogen
what do plants use to store energy?
starch
what forms the cell wall of plants?
cellulose
what forms the cell wall of fungi?
chitin
what forms the cell wall of bacteria?
peptidoglycan
Endosymbiotic hypothesis - identify the lines of evidence
[indicates origins of mitochondrion and chloroplast]
Mitochondria evolved from a Rickettsia
Chloroplast evolved from a cyanobacteria
-nucleus has a double membrane
-Mitochondria have their own cell membranes, just like a prokaryotic cell does.
-DNA — Each mitochondrion has its own circular DNA genome, like a bacteria’s genome, but much smaller.
-Reproduction — Mitochondria multiply by pinching in half — the same process as by bacteria; chloroplast also independently divided
-mitochondria and chloroplast act as separate entities & have their own circular DNA (similar to bacterial chromosomes)
-mitochondria and chloroplast have their own ribosomes
