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Microbiology > Ch. 4: Prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

Ch. 4: Prokaryotic cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mycoplasmas lack a ____________

A

cell wall

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2
Q

Which of the three domains includes organisms that would be most likely to survive the environmental conditions that existed on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago?

A

Archaea

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3
Q

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the __________________

A

cell wall.

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4
Q

Bacterial flagella are made primarily of:

A

flagellin

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5
Q

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called __________

A

pili.

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6
Q

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has

A

flagella.

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7
Q

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called

A

periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).

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8
Q

___________ do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.

A

Archaea

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9
Q

A prokaryotic cell wall with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is gram _________

A

POSITIVE

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10
Q

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial ________________

A

cell walls.

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11
Q

periplasmic space

A

the space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall.

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12
Q

Lipopolysaccharide is an important outer membrane component of

_______________________________

A

gram-negative bacteria.

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13
Q

What unit of measure is most appropriate for expressing the size of bacteria?

A

micrometer

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14
Q

Prokaryotes have been around for roughly:

A

4 billion years

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15
Q

Which cell structure is an important component in modern genetic engineering techniques?

A

plasmids

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16
Q

Bacterial endospores are not produced by

A

Staphylococcus

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17
Q

Tetrads are comprised of:

A

cocci

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18
Q

Staphylococcus refers to:

A

spherical cells in clusters

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19
Q

The small subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome is called ____________.

A

30S

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20
Q

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell’s ribosomes would be

A

protein synthesis would stop.

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21
Q

Describe the major structures of all bacteria

A

-cell (cytoplasmic) membrane: thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds cytoplasm
-bacterial chromosome or nucleoid: condensed

DNA molecules; contains genetic info and codes for all proteins

-ribosomes; protein synthesis sites

-cytoplasm: water-based solution filling the cell

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22
Q

Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A

-Eukaryotic cells found in animals, plants, fungi
-have organelles.

-prokaryotic cells only in bacteria and archaea
-do not have organelles or true nucleus

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23
Q

What are the major cell extensions of prokaryotic cells?

A

Flagella

periplasmic flagella AKA axial filaments

Fimbriae

Pili

S Layer

Glycocalyx: Slime layer & capsule

Biofilm

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24
Q

What are the 2 separate functions of cell extensions of prokayoritic cells?

A

Swimming or attachment

25
Q

(prokaryotic) flagella

A

-bacterial motility/propellers.
-spin counter clockwise, propel bacteria through liquid.
-Very thin, can’t see without electron microscope. -Has filament made of flagellin.
-Can differ in number and arrangement.
-bacterial swimming - runs or tumbles. Run- from point A to B. Tumbling- somersaulting in space.

26
Q

Periplasmic flagella AKA axial filaments

A

2+ long coiled threads only in spirochete bacteria
-wrap around cell
-bend, twist, flex

27
Q

Fimbriae

A

small, bristle-like fibers emerging from the surface of many bacterial cells.

-Stick to each other and surfaces.

-provides adhesion, not locomotion

28
Q

pili

and what is it made of?

A

-in gram-negative bacteria

-made of protein pilin.

-Help cells stick to things; DNA exchange during bacterial conjugation.

-Can send some genes through pili to another cell.

29
Q

S Layer

A

protective layer made of single protein for protection.

30
Q

Glycocalyx composition, function & 2 types

A

-made of many polysaccharides

-Function: protect (from dehydration), attachment to surfaces, coat cells

—2 types
1) Slime layer: loose water shield, can be easily washed off

2) Capsule: thicker, bound tightly to cell, protect from dehydration and phagocytosis

31
Q

Biofilm

A

slimy layers of microorganisms that stick to each other and wet surfaces.

-They may cause up to 80 percent of infections.

32
Q

Gram + VS Gram - Cell Envelopes

A

Gram Positive
-many thick layers of peptidoglycan cell wall
-lack an outer membrane
-has lipoteichoic and teichoic acid which increases wall flexibility

Gram Negative
-thin peptidoglycan cell wall
-has outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide
-has porin proteins

33
Q

inclusion bodies

A

-aggregated proteins; storage bodies (sugars, nutrients, gases…).
-Membrane-bound Not an organelle.

34
Q

What are the major internal components of the prokaryotic cell?

A

Nucleoid
Bacterial chromosome
Plasmids
Inclusion bodies
Granules
Bacterial cytoskeleton (not all)
Ribosomes

35
Q

chemotaxis

A

tendency of cells to move in response to a chemical gradient (Toward attractant or to avoid an adverse stimuli)

36
Q

cell membrane

A

thin sheet of lipids and proteins that surround cytoplasm and control flow of materials in and out of cell

37
Q

cell wall

A

outer covering of the cell

38
Q

lysis

A

physical rupture or deterioration of a cell

39
Q

nucleoid

A

region in prokaryotic cell with the most genetic material

40
Q

plasmids

A

small, double-stranded DNA molecule containing extra genes

41
Q

endospore

[what is it?
name some examples]

A

small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell

-more so a life stage

ex)
Clostridiodes difficile: diarrhea, paralyzes you
Clostridium botulinum- toxin
Clostridium tetani- tetanus, can’t relax muscle
Clostridium perfringens (happend in war from bullets)

42
Q

coccus

A

spherical shaped bacterial cells

(diplo-, tetrad, strepto-, and staphylo-)

43
Q

bacillus

A

rod-shaped/ cylindrical cell shape

44
Q

spirillum

A

has a rigid spiral shape and external flagella

-only 2-3 rotations; rotate like a corkscrew

45
Q

spirochete

A

a coiled, spiral-shaped bacterium with endo flagella; axial filaments AKA periplasmic flagella wrapped around the cell.

-bends/flexes as it moves

-have 6-12 twists

46
Q

bacterial cytoskeleton

A

(not in all bacteria)

-stabilize cell shape, help cell division, cell and molecule motility.

-Made of actin filaments.

47
Q

Ribosomes and 3 types

A

protein synthesis.

-If actively synthesizing proteins, it is 70S. (Both units together).

-large subunit is 50S.

-small subunit is 30S.

48
Q

vibrio

A

curve/comma shape

49
Q

-obligate intracellular parasites:

2 examples?

A

rely on 3d organism as a carrier

-Rickettsia (rocky mountain spotted fever) & chlamydia.

50
Q

2 types of photosynthetic bacteria

A

-cyanobacteria; photosynthesis, can produce oxygen; blue-green algae. Help break down rock to soil for other organisms ; important ; still around today

-fossils: stromatolites

51
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria:

A

use sulfur for metabolism; capable of photosynthesis

52
Q

Myxobacterium:

A

gliding bacteria that can form fruiting bodies

-Occur in soil.

53
Q

Halophiles:

and their cell wall?

A

cell wall may be made of polysaccharides or proteins, or missing (not made of peptidoglycan)

-extreme environments not for human life (salt loving, like in salt ponds)

54
Q

Thermophiles

A

grows best at very high temp. Live in underwater volcanos

55
Q

methanogens:

A

make or generate methane

-live in swamps, lakes, oceans, digestive tracts of cows, trap heat in atmosphere, climate change.

-Mainly added thru cow burps.

[also, may be on mars]

56
Q

Which domain are these:
protozoa, algae, slime molds, animals, fungi

A

Eukarya

57
Q

Which domain are these:

crenarchaeota, nanoarchaeota, euryacheota

A

Archaea

58
Q

Which domain are these:
spirochaetes, planctomycetes, chlamydiae, cyanobacteria, chlorobi, bacteriocytes, proteobacteria, firmicutes, actinobacteria, aquificae, thermotogae

A

bacteria

59
Q

the first life on earth 4 billion years ago lived where?

A

deep in the ocean near sulfur geothermal ocean vents (underwater volcanoes deep in the ocean)

[today, archaea live there]

Microbiology (18 decks)

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