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Microbiology > Ch. 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch. 2: Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

smallest particle that cannot be subdivided into smaller substance without losing its properties

/ smallest particle of an element to retain all the properties of that element

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2
Q

Atomic number

A

based on number of protons

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

variant forms of the same element that differs in neutrons and thus has a different mass number

An atom that has a different number of neutrons compared to protons. (more or less, usually more..)

-occur naturally and give off energy in the form of radiation

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4
Q

Ion

A

Atom with an electric charge

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5
Q

Valence

A

property of element that determines # of other atoms with which an atom of the element can combine

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6
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak bond

Electrostatic force forms between hydrogen covalently bonded to 1 molecule and an oxygen or a nitrogen atom

-do not involve gaining, losing or sharing electrons, so not a true chemical bond

-bond result of attraction forces. Bonds of attraction

-hydrogen bonds represented with dotted/ hashed lined.

-always involve hydrogen atom that is covalentally bound to oxygen or nitrogen atom.

-always involve hydrogen atoms in polar molecules

-easily broken by adding heat.

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

any reaction that causes an atom to lose electrons & lose energy

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8
Q

Reduction

A

After oxidation, an atom gains those electrons that were lost and becomes more negative + gains energy

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9
Q

solution

A

-even distribution of solute and solvent

mixture of 1+ substances called solutes dispersed into a solvent.

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10
Q

solutes

A

a substance that dissolves in a solvent

(ex) salt, sugar, or what is dissolved in the liquid/water. commonly solid.

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11
Q

solvent

A

substance that dissolves a solute

(in our class, usually it’s water)

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12
Q

Hydrophilic

A

molecules that attract water to surface

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13
Q

hydrophobic

A

nonpolar molecules that repel water

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14
Q

amphipathic

A

has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Ex) phospholipid

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15
Q

functional group

A

a small molecule that binds to a larger molecule and changes the property of the larger molecule ( usually binds to carbon)

atom within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds.

Examples from class that we need to know + draw

-Hydroxyl: alcohols, carbohydrates
R-O-H

-Carboxyl: fatty acids, proteins, organic acids

-Amino: proteins, nucleic acids

-Phosphate: DNA, RNA, ATP

-Methyl

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16
Q

monomer

A

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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17
Q

dehydration reaction

A

chemical reaction that involves loss of water from reacting molecule or ion

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18
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

amino acids
(Be able to draw 1!)

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19
Q

Covalent bond

A

-formed when 2 atoms share 1+ electrons each.

-the strongest bond of the 3

-commonly found single covalent bonds, each atom shares a single electron

-Equal sharing is more common (O2, N2, CH4) = non polar molecules

-unequal sharing can also happen, usually between H-O and H-N. = polar molecule

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20
Q

Ionic bond

A

-when electrons are transferred from one atom to another (not sharing but donating/accepting)

-intermediate strength bond

-when 2 atoms perfectly complement each other’s valence

Ex) Sodium Chloride Na+Cl-

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21
Q

Electrons

A

-negatively charged subatomic particle (opposite of proton)

-do not contribute to atom mass or weight, but contribute to the charge

-For biology purposes, it has no weight, but does take up majority of space

-Located in shells around atom’s cores in atom’s orbital/clouds.

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22
Q

How many bonds can be formed with:
a. hydrogen
b. oxygen
c. nitrogen
d. carbon?

A

Hydrogen- 1 bond

Oxygen- 2 bonds

Nitrogen- 3 bonds

Carbon- 4 bonds

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23
Q

Proton

A

-positively charged, in atomic nucleus (core of atom).

-Significant portion of atom’s mass ( usually half of atom’s weight).

-Each proton has atomic mass # of 1. (1 AU / atomic unit).

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24
Q

Neutron

A

-neutral, no charge.

-Located in nucleus.

-Make up other half of weight. Also 1 AU mass.

-Same as proton, except the charge.

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25
Q

Polar

A

molecule with unequal distribution of charges- has negative and positive poles

electrons are not evenly dispersed over the molecule.

so it has a slight positive charge on one end, and a slight negative on the other

Example) H2O molecule

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26
Q

molecular formula VS structural formula

A

molecular formula
H2
O2

Structural formula
H-H
O=O

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27
Q

pH scale

A

Scale of 1-14

7 = neutral

Less than 7 = acidic [H+],

More than 7 = Basic (Alkaline) [OH-]

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28
Q

Organic compounds

A

any molecule that contains at least 1 carbon atom and at least 1 hydrogen atom.

Sugars, fats, DNA, RNA, proteins are all organic compounds

(if not, it is inorganic such as H2o, O2…)

29
Q

What are the 4 main macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids (not technically a macromolecule but added here anyway…)

Proteins

Nucleic acids

30
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbon that has been hydrated

Basically: C + H2O

(monomer- monosaccharides)

31
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

What is it used for?

A

a simple sugar (monomer) of a carbohydrate.

could be glucose, galactose, fructose, etc…

Disaccharide = bond between 2 monosaccharides

Many repeating units would be a polysaccharide

-Mono and di-saccharides typically used for short-term energy

32
Q

How does a Glycosidic bond form?

A

covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides (polysaccharides)

also a dehydration synthesis reaction

33
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch- how plants store energy

glycogen- storage form for energy that human/animal muscle cells use for sugar

cellulose- forms cell wall of plants

chitin- forms cell wall of fungi

peptidoglycan- forms cell wall of bacteria

34
Q

what is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

quick energy

35
Q

Lipids

Characteristics and function?

A

Does not have a true monomer

Fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp)

usually for living systems, for long-term energy storage.

-hydrophobic, does not dissolve easily in water.

-long hydrocarbon chains (C and H, without oxygen, so it is a non-polar molecule, meaning it is hydrophobic).

-Fatty acid: hydrocarbon chain, and at one end there is a carboxyl group. Can be saturated or unsaturated.

36
Q

Saturated VS unsaturated fats

(+ Trans fat)

A

Saturated fats- have maximum number of hydrogen atoms. they are comprised exclusively of single covalent bonds. (remember, Saturated=Single bonds)
-straight molecules
-will become solid at room temp, like butter, bacon grease, coconut oil etc…

Unsaturated fats- not the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Have at least one double bond.
-hydrogen atoms push away from each other and bend (bends at the double bond).
(most oils, won’t become solid, like canola oil, fish oil etc..)
-healthier bc more fluid in your blood vessels.

Transfats- not natural, partial hydrogenation process. ( FDA recently banned). inflammatory. can lead to strokes, heart attacks…

37
Q

What is triglyceride?

What is it used for?

A

-3 fatty acids (of any length/ saturation level) attached to a glycerol molecule via an ester bond.

(glycerol is a 3 carbon alcohol)

-used to transport fats around the body.

38
Q

Phospholipid

A

composed of a phosphate group, two alcohols, and 1-2 fatty acids

-make up the cell membrane

Amphipathic- partially dissolved in water (hydrophilic polar head and nonpolar hydrophobic tails.)

39
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

primary function: function molecule of the cell; do a lot of things in the cell like forming enzymes ( help speed up chemical proteins), forming anti bodies, cell communication, brings food into cell and removes waste, cell movement (sperm tails)…

not used for energy!

-building material to make enzymes to repair muscle = bigger and stronger muscle

different structures === different functions

40
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids

-There is 20 different amino acids in every cell on earth.

Know the basic structure of an amino acid (central carbon atom, attached to hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side chain [R group]).

-short chains of amino acids are peptides.
-peptide bond= 2 amino acids in a chain.
-peptide is also a small protein

41
Q

What are the 4 different protein structures?

A
  1. Primary structure
    -sequence of amino acids
  2. Secondary structure
    -formed exclusively by hydrogen bonds between the functional groups of the protein; Alpha helix (coil) or beta-sheet (flat)
  3. Tertiary structure
    -made of all types of bonds… 3D structure.
  4. Quaternary structure
    -(not all proteins have this)
    -only found in proteins with more than 1 polypeptide chain
42
Q

What is the function of Nucleic acids?

A

Primary function: to carry information (to make proteins).

43
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

(and what are they made of?)

A

Nucleotides

-made of 3 components: pentose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

-can join to make DNA or RNA

44
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA components?

A

(a) RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom)

(b) RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine.

45
Q

DNA vs RNA structure

A

DNA
-double helix structure

RNA
-single-stranded molecule

Both-phosphodiester bonds (covalent bond)

46
Q

ATP

A

energy currency of the cell

use wherever the cell needs energy

-mitochondria- converts sugar and fats into ATP and then it is used where ever needed

47
Q

What is a cell?

A

an individual membrane-bound living entity; the smallest living unit capable of independent existence.

48
Q

What is a molecule?

A

a distinct chemical substance that results from a combination of 2 + atoms

49
Q

What is an orbital?

A

The pathway of electrons as they rotate around the nucleus of an atom

50
Q

How is the atomic weight derived?

A

The average of the mass numbers of all the isotopic forms for a particular element

approximately equal to the number of protons and neutrons (electrons basically weigh nothing)

51
Q

How can you determine the valence number of an atom? Why is valence important?

A

Valence is the capacity for making bonds and it is determined by the number of electrons that an atom has to lose or share with other atoms during bond formation.

The greater the number of valence electrons in an atom, the more stable the atom is.
The number of valence electrons in the outer shell determines how well atoms interact with one another in their environment.

52
Q

Cations VS Anions

A

Cations -positively-charged ions (atoms or groups of atoms that have more protons than electrons due to losing 1+ electrons).

Anions- negatively-charged ions (have more electrons than protons due to having gained 1+ electrons).

53
Q

What is the difference between an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction?

A

Oxidation- reaction that removes an electron from a substance, releases/ loses energy

reduction- reaction that adds electrons to a substance, stores / gains energy

54
Q

What can help you determine if 2 atoms are capable of forming a chemical bond?

A

number of electrons

55
Q

DNA vs RNA bases

A

DNA - A T , C G

Adenine and Thymine pair (A-T)
Cytosine and Guanine pair (C-G)

RNA - A U, C G

Adenine and Uracil pair (A-U)
Cytosine and Guanine pair (C-G)

56
Q

What is the primary structure of the protein?

A

amino acid sequence

57
Q

Hydrocarbons are what type of macromolecule?

A

lipid

58
Q

2 separate strands of DNA are connected along their length by ____________ bonds between the bases.

A

hydrogen

59
Q

What are the building blocks of an enzyme?

A

amino acids

60
Q

Cell membranes are primarily made of ________

A

lipids

61
Q

The hydrophobic tails of a phospholipid are composed of ________

A

fatty acids

62
Q

Which macromolecule group includes primarily hydrophobic molecules?

A

lipids

63
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O).

64
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

A bond between a two sugar groups and a phosphate group; such bonds form the sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA and RNA.

65
Q

What can proteins do in the cell?

A

Proteins are responsible for nearly every task of cellular life, including cell shape and inner organization, product manufacture and waste cleanup, and routine maintenance. Proteins also receive signals from outside the cell and mobilize intracellular response.

66
Q

Draw hydroxyl

A

R - O - H

67
Q

Draw carboxyl

A

R - C =O
I
OH

68
Q

Draw phosphate

A

. O
II
R - O - P - OH
I
OH

69
Q

Be able to draw a nucleotide

A

Phosphate -Pentose - Nitrogen base

Microbiology (18 decks)

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