Chapter 15 Flashcards
French Calvinists
Huguenots
Second deadliest European religious war behind the thirty years war
French Wars of Religion
St. Bartholomew’s day massacare
Reigniting the French Wars of religion
Edict of Nantes
Granted French Huguenots religious toleration, ending the French Wars of Religon
By placing order and the security of the state above matters of faith
Henry II brought the French Wars of religion to an end
Phillip II of Spain a deeply devout Catholic determined
to restore Catholic unity in Europe and lead the Christian defense against the Muslims
The Nederlands; Religious toleration developed for pragmatic reasons
The central government lacked the power to enforce religious orthodoxy
Make Amsterdam the wealthiest city in Europe for 200 years
The leading money market; commodities market; and arms dealing market in the world
Spanish soldiers sacked Amsterdam, killing 8,000 people and burning 1,000 buildings in 11 days of horror
“Spanish Fury”
In response to the execution of the Catholic Monarch, Philip II of Spain…
Sent the famous Spanish Armada to crush England
The most devastating and the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties
The Thirty Years War
The Peace of Augsburg
- The most important, it established that ALL princes enjoyed the right to determined the religion of their lands and subjects
- Excluded Calvinists
The Bohemian Revolt
The Battle of the White Mountain
Was a Bohemian, protestant converted Catholic, Duke of Mencken burg, offered his service to Emperor Ferdinand II
Van Wallenstein
In 1630, transforming what had been simply Emperor’s attempt to curb the Protestant States into a full-scale war in Europe
Sweden intervened
Cardinal Richelieu, King Louis XIII Chief minister. his chief foreign policy objective _______________________ In the 30 years war that engulfed Europe
Was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Hansburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance
Rasion d’etat (reason of state)
That is the states interest above all else
The Peace of Westphalia 1648
It was the first time a diplomatic congress was convened that brought all parties together to create and guarantee a tready
France; replaces Spain as the power on the continent
Placing the states interest aboverall other interests
Tready of Westphalia; international warfare would be undertaken for reasons
- National Security
- Political Ambition
- Dynastic Pride
The constant _________ is one of the defining themes of modern history
extension of state power
Larger armies required more money ________ and supervisory officials _________
Taxes, Ministers
Secularization
The State is officially neutral in matters of religion
Rene Descarts—–> French mathematician and philospher; he argues that all prior assumptions should be discarded in favor of 1 basic principle
“I think, therefore I am”
Sir Issacc Newton beloved that by demonstrating that the physical universe followed rational principles prove
The existence of God
Magic and Science had long been associated with each other as two forms of
Intellectual pursuit
80% of accused witches were
women
Economic balance of power shifted away from the Mederteranian countries
English, Dutch, , and French Colonies in the New World
Between 1550-1600 the population of Europe increased
Introduction of new foods from America, Crop rotation and animal husbandry
