Chapter 15 Flashcards
Hypoxemia
decreased oxygen concentration in the blood
hypoxia
reduction of oxygen supply to tissues
orthopnea
difficulty breathing except when sitting up or standing
indications for endotracheal tubes
need for mechanical ventilation
upper airway obstruction
impending gastric acid reflux
provisions for tracheobronchial lavage
thermoregulation
body’s maintenance of heat production/loss
oxygen masks
simple, non-rebreathing, partial re-breathing, large volume nebulizers, air entertainment masks
what numbers indicate high/low blood pressure?
High = > 140/90
Low = < 95/60
when does pleural fluid accumulation become apparent radiographically?
when enough fluid is present to show costophrenic blunting
what are thoracostomy tubes commonly called?
chest tubes
what is required to determine whether the artificial airway is in the proper place?
x-ray
most common device to deliver low flow oxygen
nasal cannula
central venous lines are commonly known as what?
central venous catheters OR venous access devices
what are central venous lines?
catheters that are inserted into a large central vein
pulse oximeter
photoelectric device used for determining oxygen saturation
pleural effusion
fluid within the pleural cavity
what is blood pressure?
force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation of the heart
when does a fever exist?
when oral temp is higher than 99.5 degrees
why are vital signs important?
provide important information and reveal adverse reactions
systolic
tightening, or contracting of the heart, especially the ventricles
tachypnea
rapid rate breathing
tidal volume
volume of air inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle
febrile
pertaining to fever
if pulse cant be found at the wrist, or if cardiac arrest is thought to occur?
carotid artery for 5 seconds
5 routes to measure temperature
oral 98.6
axillary 97.6
tympanic 97.6
temporal 100
rectal 99.6
what is the function of the cardiovascular system?
transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the cells of the body and to return deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs to become re-oxygenated
dyspnea
difficult/labored breathing
what are vital signs?
primary mechanisms that adapt to responses, inside or outside the body to maintain homeostasis
bradypnea
abnormal slowness of breathing
normal resting pulse rate in adults
60-100 BPM
what can cause tachypnea?
exercise, fever, anxiety, pain, infection, heart failure, chest trauma, decreased oxygen in blood, CNS disease
what are CV lines used for today?
administer drugs
manage fluid volume
blood analysis
transfusions
monitor cardiac pressure
normal range of respirations in adults in 60 seconds?
12-20
diastolic
dilation, or relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles
what happens when the cardiopulmonary system is unable to supply adequate oxygen to the tissues?
artificial airway
homeostasis
constancy in the internal environment of the body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses of survival
how is respiratory rate assessed?
observed by the rise and fall of the chest during 60 seconds
what is the preferred location for the catheter tip of a CV line?
SVC
what is the most common site for a CV line?
subclavian vein
what is the major muscles of ventilation?
diaphragm
auscultation
listening to sounds of the body, typically by stethoscope
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
the most common example of mal-positioning for an endotracheal tube is what?
intubation of the right main stem bronchus because it originates at the trachea at less of an angle compared to the left
where should the distal tip of the endotracheal tube be placed?
1-2 inches above the carina
low/high flow oxygen
low = does not meet the entire inspiratory needs
high = meets or exceeds the inspiratory needs
sphygmomanometer
instrument to measure blood pressure
what happens during inhalation?
the diaphragm contracts moving downward, expands the chest cavity and chest pressure decreased and the lungs fill with air
what indicates systolic/diastolic pressure?
systolic = peak pressure present during contraction of the heart (100-120)
diastolic = constant pressure exerted on arterial vessels (60-80)
normal mean body temp
98.6 degrees F
3 common sites to measure pulse
radial, brachial, carotid
apnea
cessation of spontaneous ventilation
which tissues are most sensitive to hypoxia?
brain, heart, lungs, liver
what happens to compensate for hypoxia?
respiratory rate, depth of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate increases
