chapter 15

Question 1

how do you name haloalkanes?

Answer 1

prefix - fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo

Question 2

what bond is in a haloalkane?

Answer 2

carbon-halogen bond
polar bond (as halogen more electronegative than carbon)

Question 3

what happens in nucleophillic substitution?

Answer 3

delta negative halogen delta positive carbon
lone pair on OH-
arrow from lone pair to delta + carbon
arrow from C-Cl bond to halogen
C-Cl bond breaks due to heterolytic fission

Question 4

what are nucleophiles?

Answer 4

negative ions that can donate a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

Question 5

what does the rate of hydrolysis depend on?

Answer 5

strength of carbon-halide bond
C-F is the strongest bond so slowest rate

Question 6

what is a nucleophilic substitution?

Answer 6

hydrolysis then substitution

Question 7

what are CFCs?

Answer 7

chlorofluorocarbons

Question 8

what is the chlorine radical cycle?

Answer 8

homolytic fission
CFCl3 –> CFCL2. + Cl. (initiation)
Cl. + O3 –> ClO.+O2
ClO. + O –> Cl. + O2 (propagation)

Question 9

what is the overall equation for the chlorine radical cycle (break down of ozone layer)?

Answer 9

O3 + O –> 2O2

Question 10

what are dupes of CFCs?

Answer 10

HCFCs (break down more easily)
HFCs (no Cl atoms, expensive)

Question 11

what can also cause destruction of the ozone layer?

Answer 11

nitrogen oxide radicals from lightening strikes