Chapter 14: The Somatic Nervous System (Quiz) Flashcards
Contrast sensation and perception.
Sensation: The conscious or unconscious awareness of stimuli.
Perception: The conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations.
List the 4 conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur.
- Stimulation of a sensory receptor.
- Conversion of the stimulus into graded potential.
- Conduction of the impulse
- Translation of the impulse by a region of the brain.
What is meant by adaptation to the senses?
A decreased sensitivity to the same stimulus.
What are proprioceptors?
what do they provide info about?
Receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about position and movement.
What do mechanoreceptors do? Provide examples of stimuli they detect.
They detect mechanical deformation in response to a stimuli.
Ex: Touch, pressure, vibration, hearing, blood pressure.
How are cutaneous sensations generated?
stim
When the surface of the skin is stimulated.
What are the 4 tactile sensations?
TPVI
- Touch
- Pressure
- Vibration
- Itch and Tickle
What are corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscles), and where are they located?
dermal
They are discriminative touch receptors located in the dermal papillae of the skin.
Name and describe the pain receptors.
Nociceptors are the branching ends of the dendrites of some neurons. They are free nerve endings.
What is referred pain?
It is a pain sensation that the brain projects back to some location other than where the pain originates.
Identify the specific locations where the receptors of the olfactory sense are found.
The receptors of the olfactory sense are found in the nasal epithelium in the superior region of the nasal cavity, on either side of the nasal septum.
Describe the cells that act as the olfactory sensors.
Olfactory cells are first order neurons.
Olfactory hairs are cilia projecting from the end of the neuron. They detect inhaled compounds.
Describe olfactory tracts.
think of the pathways (4 locations)
They are axons of olfactory neurons that lead from the olfactory bulbs to the cerebrum. A second pathway extends to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex.
Identify the location of the taste buds.
Taste buds are located on the tongue, soft palate, and walls of the pharynx and larynx.
Which cells in the taste buds provide the sense of taste?
Gustatory receptor cells.
What are the 5 primary taste sensations?
- Sour
- Salty
- Bitter
- Sweet
- Umami
What are the functions of the eyelids?
To shade and protect the eyes, and to spread lubricating secretions over the surface of the eye.
What is the function of the lacrimal glands?
To produce tears.
List in order (from in to out) the 3 layers of the eyeball.
FVN
- Fibrous Tunic (Sclera + Cornea)
- Vascular Tunic (Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris)
- Nervous tunic (Retina)
Name 2 parts of the ciliary body, and describe the functions.
- Ciliary processes - secrete aqueous humor.
- Ciliary muscle - changes the shape of the lens.
Name (from inside to outside) the 3 layers of neurons found in the retina.
GBP
- Ganglion layer.
- Bipolar layer
- Photoreceptor layer
Describe the meaning of accommodation of the lens.
Refers to the changes in curvature of the lens of the eye, which changes focus from near to distant objects and vice versa.
Define: Photopigment
development of…
A substance that absorbs light and undergoes structural changes that lead to the development of a generator potential.
What is rhodopsin?
O + R
A photopigment found in rod cells. It consists of opsin and retinal.
What is the function of the cones?
To enable vision in bright light and the perception of colour.
What is the optic tract?
chai
A collection of axons of ganglion cells from the retina after they pass through the optic chiasm.
Identify the auditory ossicles, and describe their function.
M+I+S
They are 3 bones in the middle ear (Malleus, Incus, and Stapes). They conduct vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
Name the 3 areas of the bony labyrinth.
VCS
- Vestibule
- Cochlea
- Semicircular Canals
Describe the role of the organ of Corti in hearing.
The hair cells on basilar membrane move against overlying tectorial membrane, and initiate a signal that causes nerve impulses, which are interpreted as sounds by the auditory area of the cerebrum, to be sent to the brain stem.
Identify the location of the receptors that function in the maintenance of static equilibrium.
U + S
They’re located in the walls of the utricle and saccule.
What are otoliths, and what role do they play in maintenance of equilibrium?
macula
They are crystals of calcium carbonate that lie on a gelatinous layer of the macula, and move in response to changes in the position of the head.
What do chemoreceptors do?
Detect smell and taste.
What is not a cutaneous sensation?
Position
What is a tactile sensation?
Vibration.
What is accurate concerning the sensation of touch? (4)
- It generally originates beneath the skin or in the skin.
- The exact location, size, or texture of crude touch cannot be determined.
- Discriminative touch refers to the ability to recognize the exact point where the body is touched.
- Corpuscles of touch are also known as Meissner’s corpuscles.
The olfactory epithelium is composed of several cells. What is not true concerning these cells?
Since the nervous system does not replace neurons, all olfactory epithelial cells gradually decrease in number as we age.
What is not an accessory of the structure of the eye?
Cornea
What structure directly alters the shape of the lens for far and near vision?
Ciliary muscle
For vision to occur, what is the correct sequence?
PBGOT
Photoreceptors –> Bipolar cells –> Ganglion cells –> Optic Nerve –> Thalamus.
In humans, both eyes focus only on one set of objects. What is this characteristic called?
Binocular Vision
The external outer ear has what?
Hair cells in its auditory canal, and specialized glands called ceruminous glands.
Which of the following statements about the middle ear is true?
a.
It is lined with connective tissue.
b.
It is separated from the internal ear by a bony partition containing the oval and round windows.
c.
It is separated from the external ear by the external auditory meatus.
d.
Its posterior wall communicates with the frontal sinus.
e.
It is connected to the throat through the tympanic membrane.
Feedback
b) It’s separated from the internal ear by a bony partition containing the oval and round windows.
What is true about the membranous labyrinth?
scala
The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli.
What is the spiral organ of Corti?
A coiled sheet of supporting cells and hair cells.
Which of the following is the sense organ for dynamic equilibrium only?
a. Cristae in semicircular ducts
b. Meissner corpuscles
c. Maculae of utricle and saccule
d. Organ of Corti
e. Proprioceptors
a) Cristae in semicircular ducts.
