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anatomy i > Chapter 13: Anatomy of Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Anatomy of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cervical enlargement, and what nerves are in it?

A

Cervical enlargement is an expansion of the spinal cord in the cervical region.

Contains nerves that supply the upper limbs.

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2
Q

List in order from the outside, the coverings of the spinal cord, and name spaces adjacent to them.

A
  1. Dura (Outside is epidurnal space, inside is subdural space).
  2. Arachnoid (Inside which is subarachnoid space)
  3. Pia (Inner layer of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
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3
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found?

A

In the subarachnoid space.

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4
Q

Innermost layer of the meninges is called what?

A

The Pia Mater.

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5
Q

In a cross section of the spinal cord, what are horns?

key word: Columns

A

Cross sections of columns of nerve cell bodies, and non-myelinated fibres.

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6
Q

What are the two main functions of the spinal cord in the maintenance of homeostasis?

Think of Ali when Boeser got the hat-trick

A
  1. Nerve Impulse Propagation
  2. Information Integration.
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7
Q

Define Spinal Reflex

A

Reflexes that only involve the spinal cord.

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8
Q

What are the 5 functional components of a reflex arc?

RSIME

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. Integrating Centre
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Effector
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9
Q

What type of muscle does a somatic reflex involve?

A

Skeletal

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10
Q

What is a mixed nerve?

A

A nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibres.

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11
Q

What are the common networks of a spinal nerve?

A
  1. Cervical Plexus
  2. Brachial Plexus
  3. Lumbar Plexus
  4. Sacral Plexus
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12
Q

Define Plexus

Think of a tree and what it has many of

A

A network of spinal nerve branches, just outside the spinal cord.

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13
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brain stem?

MPM

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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14
Q

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid? (4 things)

PMSR

A
  1. Provide protection
  2. Mechanical and chemical benefits.
  3. Supply of nutrients
  4. Removal of wastes
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15
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

In the choroid plexus, which is found in the brain ventricles.

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16
Q

Define choroid plexus

A

Specialized structures containing ependymal cells, lining blood capillaries that filter blood, to produce CSF in the four ventricles of the brain.

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17
Q

what is meant by the expression “blood-brain barrier”?

A

Refers to the highly selective nature of the capillaries in most parts of the brain.

Many substances that could leak out of capillaries in other parts of the body are prevented from doing so in the brain.

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18
Q

What are the 2 nuclei located in the medulla, that control autonomic function?

CC + MRC

A
  1. Cardiovascular Centre
  2. Medullary Rhythmicity Centre
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19
Q

What important nuclei, in addition to cranial nerves, are found in the pons?

A

Important nuclei that help to regulate breathing.

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20
Q

Describe the location of the midbrain.

A

It lies above the pons, and below the diencephalon.

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21
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the diencephalon?

THP

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pineal Gland
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22
Q

What are 6 ways the hypothalamus functions to maintain homeostasis?

CCR-RCR

A
  1. Controls the ANS.
  2. Controls the pituitary gland.
  3. Regulates emotion.
  4. Regulates eating and drinking.
  5. Controls body temperature.
  6. Regulates circadian rhythms.
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23
Q

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

A

Grey matter.

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24
Q

How does the limbic system function?

related to survival

A

In emotional aspects of behaviour related to survival.

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25
Q

Describe the function of Broca’s Area.

Think of chit-chat

A

It functions to translate thoughts into speech by coordinating the muscles of speech and breathing to enable one to speak.

26
Q

Name 5 important sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

(Think of the 5 human senses)

A
  1. Somatosensory Area
  2. Visual Area
  3. Auditory Area
  4. Gustatory Area
  5. Olfactory Area
27
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs.

28
Q

At its superior end, the central canal of the spinal cord is continuous with what structure in the brain?

A

The 4th ventricle.

29
Q

What is not a functional component of a reflex arc?

A

The Brain.

30
Q

What are functional components of the reflex arc?

EMRS

A
  1. Effector
  2. Motor Neuron
  3. Receptor
  4. Sensory Neuron
31
Q

What is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Brain stem.

32
Q

What is the name of the location where CSF is reabsorbed into the blood stream?

A

Arachnoid Villi

33
Q

What does the limbic system do?

Related to Survival

A

It is the part of the brain that functions in emotional aspects of behaviour related to survival, and is associated with pleasure and pain.

34
Q

The superficial grey matter layer of the cerebellum is called what?

A

The cerebral cortex.

35
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for chewing?

A

The Trigeminal Nerve.

36
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

CDBC

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain Stem
  4. Cerebellum
37
Q

What is the cerebrum?

think of boring

A

The grey mantle of the human which makes up most of the brain mass.

Initiates and coordinates movement + regulates temp.

38
Q

What are functions of the diencephalon?

A
  • It is the connection between the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system, with one exception.
  • Rest of brain + spinal cord + Peripheral Nervous System all send info to cerebrum through diencephalon.
39
Q

What are the 3 components of the brain stem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
40
Q

Describe what the midbrain, pons, and medulla do

A

Midbrain: Sensory receptors of Visual + Auditory + Somatosensory perceptual spaces.

Pons + Medulla: Regulate several crucial functions (Cardiovascular + Respiratory system and rates).

41
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A
  • Responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery throughout spinal cord.
  • Approximately 10% of brain’s total mass.
42
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?

marijuana nickname

A
  1. The Frontal Lobe
  2. The Parietal Lobe
  3. The Occipital Lobe
  4. The Temporal Lobe
43
Q

What does the Frontal Lobe do?

A
  • Responsible for attention + memory + thinking + reasoning + learning (Broca’s area)
  • Also inhibits autonomic and emotional responses
44
Q

What does the Parietal lobe do?

cutaneous + coordination

A
  • Mainly concerned with cutaneous sensations and their coordination with visual and auditory sensations.
  • Ex: Touch, pain, itch, etc.
45
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

Think of our old TV bulb

A
  • Interprets visual impulses, memorizes visual stimuli, and helps in colour-visual orientation.
46
Q

What does the Temporal lobe do?

THINK OF THE EAR

A
  • Processes auditory information.
  • Helps in understanding of speech and written language, and memorizing symbolic sounds and words.
47
Q

What are basal nuclei?

cmc + dopamine neurons

A

Nuclei of the cerebrum that are responsible for assessing cortical movement commands, and comparing them with the general state of the individual through broad modulatory activity of dopamine neurons.

48
Q

What are the 3 major structures of the basal nuclei responsible for controlling movement?

CPG

A
  1. Caudate
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Padillas
49
Q

Describe the difference between the substantia nigra pars compacta firing, vs not-firing.

A

Firing: It signals the basal nuclei that the body is in an active state, and movement would be more likely.

Not Firing: The body remains in a passive state, and movement is inhibited.

50
Q

What do ascending tracts do?

A

Carry sensory information towards the brain.

51
Q

What do descending tracts do?

A

Carry motor commands from the brain.

52
Q

What are the 3 sensory nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory Nerve
  2. Optic Nerve
  3. Vestibulocochlear nerve
53
Q

What does each do?

OOV

A

Olfactory: Responsible for smell

Optic: Responsible for vision

Vestibulocochlear: Responsible for hearing + balance

54
Q

What are the 5 motor nerves?

OTASH

A
  1. Oculomotor Nerve
  2. Trochlear Nerve
  3. Abducens Nerve
  4. Spinal Accessory Nerve
  5. Hypoglossal Nerve.
55
Q

What do the first 2 mixed nerves do?

A

Trigeminal: cutaneous sensations of the face and controlling the muscles of mastication.

Facial: Responsible for the muscles involved in facial expressions, as well as part of the sense of taste and production of saliva.

56
Q

What are the 4 mixed cranial nerves?

TFGV

A
  1. Trigeminal Nerve
  2. Facial Nerve
  3. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
  4. Vagus Nerve
57
Q

What do the other 2 mixed nerves do?

Think of ali in vegas, and breaking even.

Also think of sit-ups

A

Glossopharyngeal: Controls muscles in the oral cavity and upper throat, as well as part of the sense of taste and saliva production.

Vagus: contributing to homeostatic control of the organs of the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities.

58
Q

Of the 31 spinal nerves, how many are grouped and how many are individual?

A

4 grouped nerves
10 individual nerves

59
Q

What are the 4 sections of the spine?

A
  1. Cervical Region (C1 to C8)
  2. Thoracic Region (T1 to T12)
  3. Lumbar Region (L1 to L5)
  4. Sacral Region (S1 to S5)
60
Q

What do the 5 motor nerves do?

A

Oculomotor: Eye movement help

Trochlear: Eye movement help

Abducens: Eye movement help

Spinal Accessory: controlling the muscles of the neck, and cervical spinal nerves.

Hypoglossal: controlling the muscles of the lower throat and tongue.

61
Q
A

anatomy i (23 decks)

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