Chapter 14 and 15 Flashcards
Punishment
A basic principle of behavior describing a response-consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases future occurrences of that type of behavior.
Punishment has occurred when..
a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses
Positive Punishment
Presentation of a stimulus (or an increase in
the intensity of an already present stimulus)
immediately following a behavior that results in a
decrease in the frequency of the behavior.
Negative Punishment
The termination of an already present stimulus
(or a decrease in the intensity of an already
present stimulus) immediately following a
behavior that results in a decrease in the future
frequency of the behavior.
Aversive Control
used to describe intervention
involving either or both positive and negative punishment.
3 term contingency for punishment
(1) In a particular stimulus situation (S),
(2) some kinds of behavior (R), when followed immediately by
(3) certain stimulus changes (SP), show a decreased future frequency of occurrence in the same or in similar situations.
SDp
A stimulus condition in the presence of which a response has a lower probability of occurrence than it does in its absence as a result of response-contingent punishment
delivery in the presence of the stimulus.
punisher
a stimulus change that
immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior
and reduces the future frequency of that type of
behavior.
unconditioned punisher
a stimulus whose presentation functions as punishment without having
been paired with any other punishers.
conditioned punisher
a stimulus change that functions as punishment as a result of a person’s conditioning history
generalized conditioned punisher.
A stimulus change that has been paired with numerous
forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers. free from the control of specific motivating conditions and will function as punishment under most conditions.
Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment
-immediacy of punishment
Intensity of punishment
Schedule or frequency of punishment
Availability of reinforcement for the target behavior
Availability of reinforcement for an alternative behavior.
Reprimands
The delivery of verbal reprimands following the
occurrence of misbehavior is an example of attempted
positive punishment.
Response Blocking
Physically intervening as soon as the person begins to
emit the problem behavior to prevent or “block” the
completion of the response has been show to be
effective in reducing the frequency of some problem
behaviors
Contingent Exercise
An intervention in which a person is required to perform a response that is not topographically related to the problem behavior.
Overcorrection
A behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which,
contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage
in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the
problem.
Restitutional Overcorrection
Contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair or return
the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior
to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the
misbehavior
Positive Practice Overcorrection
Contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior the learner is required to
repeat a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the
problem, a specified number of times.
Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System (SIBIS)
One of the most rigorously researched and carefully applied
procedures for implementing punishment by electric
stimulation for self-inflicted blows to the head or face
Response Cost
Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement
Least Restrictive Alternative
The less intrusive procedures should be tried and found
to be ineffective before more intrusive procedures are
implemented
Right to Effective Treatment
Failing to use a punishment procedure that research has
show to suppress self-destructive behavior similar to the
client’s is unethical because it withholds a potentially
effective treatment and may maintain a dangerous or
uncomfortable state for the person.
Behavioral contrast
The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.
Discriminative stimulus for punishment- SDP
A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has bee punished and in the absence of which that behavior has not been punished; as a result of this history, the behavior occurs less often in the presence of the sdp than in its absence.
recovery from punishment
The occurrence of a previously punished type of response without its punishing consequence; analogous of the extinction of of previously reinforced behavior and has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment.
response interruption and redirection (RIRD)
A procedural variation of response blocking that involves interrupting stereotypic behavior at its onset and redirecting the individual to complete high-probability behaviors instead.
Bonus response cost
A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior.
contingent observation
A procedure for implementing time out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that the observation of ongoing activities remains but access to reinforcement is lost.
exclusion time out
A procedure for implementing time out in which contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior the person is removed physically from the current environment for a specific period.
nonexclusion time out
partition or select space time out
A procedure for implementing time out in which contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior the person remains within the setting but does not have access to reinforcement.
planned ignoring
procedure for implementing time out in which social reinforcers-usually attention, physical contact, and verbal interactions- are withheld for a brief period contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior.
terminate specific reinforcer contact
A variation of non exclusion time out whereby each occurrence of the target behavior immediately stops an activity or sensory reinforcer.
timeout from positive reinforcement
the immediate response-contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the immediate loss or access to positive reinforcers for a specified time; a form of negative punishment.
