Chapter 11 and 12

Question 1

ABC model

Answer 1

Antecedents (Anything that prompts people to act), Behavior (Actions), Consequences (Effects of Behavior).

Question 2

Positive reinforcement

Question 3

three term contingency

Answer 3

S^d —>Response—–>S^r+

Question 4

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 4

A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced. S^D

Question 5

Caveats to reinforcement

Answer 5

1. Reinforcement does not increase behavior under all conditions.
   Antecedent Stimuli
2. Reinforcement depends on motivation, SD will only signal the response if the individual is motivated to engage in the response.

Question 6

Four term Contingency

Answer 6

The consideration of MOs are important in relation to the three term contingency.
EO—SD—-response—SR+

Question 7

Reinforcer

Answer 7

Stimulus or consequence
ex. Attention, money, praise, food.

Question 8

Reinforcement

Answer 8

Procedure or process
ex. Letting a child play outside as a consequence for cleaning up their room.

Question 9

Immediacy of reinforcement

Answer 9

It is critical that the consequence is delivered immediately following the target response.

Question 10

Automatic reinforcement

Answer 10

Reinforcement that occurs independent of another person delivering it. The response, itself, produces the reinforcement.
ex. Wiggling your leg during a boring lecture to stimulate yourself and stay awake.

Question 11

Unconditioned reinforcers

Answer 11

Function as reinforcers due to heredity/evolution
◦ Do not require any learning history to become reinforcers
◦ Examples: Food, water, oxygen, warmth, sexual
stimulation, human touch

Question 12

Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 12

Neutral stimuli that begin to function as reinforcers as a result of being paired with other reinforcers (either conditioned or unconditioned)
◦ Can also condition reinforcers through verbal analog conditioning
◦ Examples: Yellow paper, stickers, tokens

Question 13

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 13

A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been
paired with many conditioned and unconditioned
reinforcers

Question 14

Formal properties of reinforcers

Answer 14

Edible reinforcers (food)
 Sensory reinforcers (massage, tickles)
 Tangible reinforcers (trinkets, toys)
 Activity reinforcers (playing a game, recess)
 Social reinforcers (physical proximity, social
interaction

Question 15

Stimulus preference Assessments.

Question 16

Reinforcer assessments

Question 17

Negative reinforcement

Answer 17

Stimulus removed (terminated, reduced, or
postponed), Contingent on a response, Which results in an increase in the future probability of that response

Question 18

Escape negative reinforcement

Answer 18

Presented with stimulus, Behavior terminates the stimulus

Question 19

Avoidance negative reinforcement

Answer 19

Prevent onset of stimulus

Question 20

Escape contingency

Answer 20

(EO) Rain fallingon your head as you walk down sidewalk—>
(SD) Friend says “Do you
have an umbrella —>(Response) Put up
umbrella
(SR) Escape rain falling on
your head

Putting up umbrella more likely in the future when it’s raining and friend asks
for umbrella

Question 21

Avoidance contingency

Answer 21

EO—>SD—–REsponse—>SR
putting up umbrella before going outside.

Question 22

Characteristics of negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

Any response (socially appropriate or
inappropriate) can be strengthened by negative
reinforcement
◦ All are adaptive because they allow the individual to
interact effectively with the environment
 A variety of stimuli can serve as negative
reinforcers
◦ Unconditioned
◦ Conditioned

Question 23

Automatic Reinforcement

Answer 23

Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (i.e. scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).

Question 24

Conditioned Reinforcer

Answer 24

A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers.

Question 25

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

Answer 25

A conditioned reinforcer that, as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers, does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.

Question 26

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 26

A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often.

Question 27

Positive reinforcer

Answer 27

A stimulus whos presentation or onset functions as reinforcement.

Question 28

Premack Principle

Answer 28

A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.

Question 29

Response- Deprivation hypothesis

Answer 29

A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.

Question 30

Rule-governed behavior

Answer 30

Behavior controlled by a rule; enables human behavior to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences. Often used in contrast to contingency-shaped behavior, a term used to indicate behavior selected and maintained by controlled, temporally closed consequences.

Question 31

Socially mediated contingencies

Answer 31

A contingency in which an antecedent stimulus and/or the consequences for the behavior is presented by another person.

Question 32

Stimulus preference assessment

Answer 32

A variety of procedures are used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers.

Question 33

Unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 33

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species.

Question 34

Avoidance contingency

Answer 34

A contingency to which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

Question 35

Conditioned negative reinforcer

Answer 35

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers.

Question 36

Discriminated Avoidance

Answer 36

A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.

Question 37

Escape contingency

Answer 37

A contingency in which a response terminates an ongoing stimulus.

Question 38

free-operant avoidance

Answer 38

A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus.

Question 39

negative reinforcement

Answer 39

A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of a similar response.

Question 40

Unconditioned negative reinforcer

Answer 40

A stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species, no prior learning is involved.