Chapter 11 and 12 Flashcards
ABC model
Antecedents (Anything that prompts people to act), Behavior (Actions), Consequences (Effects of Behavior).
Positive reinforcement
three term contingency
S^d —>Response—–>S^r+
Discriminative Stimulus
A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced. S^D
Caveats to reinforcement
- Reinforcement does not increase behavior under all conditions.
Antecedent Stimuli - Reinforcement depends on motivation, SD will only signal the response if the individual is motivated to engage in the response.
Four term Contingency
The consideration of MOs are important in relation to the three term contingency.
EO—SD—-response—SR+
Reinforcer
Stimulus or consequence
ex. Attention, money, praise, food.
Reinforcement
Procedure or process
ex. Letting a child play outside as a consequence for cleaning up their room.
Immediacy of reinforcement
It is critical that the consequence is delivered immediately following the target response.
Automatic reinforcement
Reinforcement that occurs independent of another person delivering it. The response, itself, produces the reinforcement.
ex. Wiggling your leg during a boring lecture to stimulate yourself and stay awake.
Unconditioned reinforcers
Function as reinforcers due to heredity/evolution
◦ Do not require any learning history to become reinforcers
◦ Examples: Food, water, oxygen, warmth, sexual
stimulation, human touch
Conditioned Reinforcers
Neutral stimuli that begin to function as reinforcers as a result of being paired with other reinforcers (either conditioned or unconditioned)
◦ Can also condition reinforcers through verbal analog conditioning
◦ Examples: Yellow paper, stickers, tokens
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been
paired with many conditioned and unconditioned
reinforcers
Formal properties of reinforcers
Edible reinforcers (food)
Sensory reinforcers (massage, tickles)
Tangible reinforcers (trinkets, toys)
Activity reinforcers (playing a game, recess)
Social reinforcers (physical proximity, social
interaction
Stimulus preference Assessments.
Reinforcer assessments
Negative reinforcement
Stimulus removed (terminated, reduced, or
postponed), Contingent on a response, Which results in an increase in the future probability of that response
Escape negative reinforcement
Presented with stimulus, Behavior terminates the stimulus
Avoidance negative reinforcement
Prevent onset of stimulus
Escape contingency
(EO) Rain fallingon your head as you walk down sidewalk—>
(SD) Friend says “Do you
have an umbrella —>(Response) Put up
umbrella
(SR) Escape rain falling on
your head
Putting up umbrella more likely in the future when it’s raining and friend asks
for umbrella
Avoidance contingency
EO—>SD—–REsponse—>SR
putting up umbrella before going outside.
Characteristics of negative Reinforcement
Any response (socially appropriate or
inappropriate) can be strengthened by negative
reinforcement
◦ All are adaptive because they allow the individual to
interact effectively with the environment
A variety of stimuli can serve as negative
reinforcers
◦ Unconditioned
◦ Conditioned
Automatic Reinforcement
Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (i.e. scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).
Conditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers.
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
A conditioned reinforcer that, as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers, does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.
Positive Reinforcement
A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often.
Positive reinforcer
A stimulus whos presentation or onset functions as reinforcement.
Premack Principle
A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.
Response- Deprivation hypothesis
A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.
Rule-governed behavior
Behavior controlled by a rule; enables human behavior to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences. Often used in contrast to contingency-shaped behavior, a term used to indicate behavior selected and maintained by controlled, temporally closed consequences.
Socially mediated contingencies
A contingency in which an antecedent stimulus and/or the consequences for the behavior is presented by another person.
Stimulus preference assessment
A variety of procedures are used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers.
Unconditioned reinforcer
A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species.
Avoidance contingency
A contingency to which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.
Conditioned negative reinforcer
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers.
Discriminated Avoidance
A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
Escape contingency
A contingency in which a response terminates an ongoing stimulus.
free-operant avoidance
A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus.
negative reinforcement
A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of a similar response.
Unconditioned negative reinforcer
A stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species, no prior learning is involved.
