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Bio > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

Oxidation = loss of electrons by a substance
Reduction = gain of electrons by a substance

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2
Q

What does reactions involve?

A

They involve the transfer of electrons from one substance to another

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3
Q

Are oxidation and reduction always coupled?

A

Yes they are , as one substance is oxidized another becomes reduced

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4
Q

What is an example of oxidiation and reduction?

A

Xe- + Y ————- X + Ye-
The x is reducing agent (gives the electron )
Th Y is the oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)

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5
Q

What happens in any cellular oxidation’s ?

A

Electrons and protons (H+) are removed at the same time
Electron travels with a proton
The removal of one proton and one electron is equivalent to the H atom

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6
Q

What is dehydrogenation reaction ?

A

The loss of an electron with the loss of one H+ proton , many enzymes that catalyze the redox reactions are called dehydrogenase

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7
Q

In general what does biological oxidation-reduction reactions always involve ?

A

They always involve 2 electrons and 2 protons (so 2 H transfer)

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8
Q

What happens to the H atoms ?

A

The H atoms don’t get released into the solution they actually are transferred to another molecule called the electron carrier

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9
Q

What are some electron carriers in their oxidized state?

A

NAD+
NADP
FAD

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10
Q

What is NAD+

A

Acts as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration
The electrons from glucose are transferred to NAD+ and reduced to NADH
NADH then stores this energy (later used to make ATP)

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11
Q

How do we get energy from glucose?

A

Cellular respiration and fermentation

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12
Q

What is cellular respiration ?

A

Complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H20

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13
Q

What is fermentation ?

A

Production of various products

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14
Q

What is the summary equation formula for cellular respiration ?

A

C6H12O6 + 6H2O ——— 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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15
Q

How is the summary equation oxidized and reduced?

A

The C6H12O6 is oxidized to 6CO2
And then 6O2 is reduced to 6H2O
The final electron accepted is oxygen

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16
Q

Are electrons immediately transferred to O2

A

No they aren’t but transferred in a step by step process to electron carriers

17
Q

What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration where do they take place?

A

Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Citric acid (matrix of mitochondria)
Electron transport chain (inner membrane of mitochondrian)

18
Q

What is glycolysis ?

A

Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid(pyruvate )
Occurs in cells virtually
Functions in the presence or absence of oxygen
Occurs in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

19
Q

What is the first of glycolysis ?

A

Glucose gets an input of energy from ATP which leaves as ADP (because bonds break in order for glucose to use that energy )and glucose becomes Glucose -6-Phosphate

20
Q

What happens in the second step?

A

Glucose -6-Phosphate converts into Fructose -6-Phosphate

21
Q

What happens at the 3rd step?

A

Fructose 6 phosphate gets another input of ATP (who’s bonds break and leaves as ADP) turns into Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

22
Q

What happens in the 4 step?

A

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate splits into Glyceraladhyde 3 phosphate(G3P) and t0 DHAP

23
Q

What happens in the 6 step?

A

G3P looses 2 electrons and 2 protons where one is released into the solution , the 2 electrons and one proton are carried by NAD+ and becomes 2NADH
Pi is also added becoming 1,3 biphosphate glycerate

24
Q

What happens in the 7 step?

A

2 ADP is added and the bond in the 1,3 biphosphoglycerate transfers the Pi to the ADP making it 2 ATP

25
Q

What happens in the 8 step

A

3 phosphate glycerate becomes 2 phosphoglycerate

26
Q

What happens in the 9 step

A

In the 9 step the 2PG goes through dehydration and 2H2O molecules leave

27
Q

What happens in the final step?

A

The final step the PEP gets an input of 2 ADP producing 2 ATP and the enzyme pyruate kinase produces Pyruvate (o-c=o-c=o-ch3)

28
Q

Glycolysis overview?

A

Used how many ATP
2 ATP ( 1 and 3)
Made how many ATP(
4(7 AND 10)
What is the net ATP production
2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose oxidized

29
Q

Where is energy stored in ?

A

NADH( 2 IN STEP 6)

30
Q

How is ATP been made?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Basically phosphate group is transferred from one phosphorylatted organic compound to ADP

31
Q

How is ATP been made?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Basically phosphate group is transferred from one organic compound to ADP

Bio (17 decks)

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