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Bio > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are all organisms made up of

A

All organisms are made up single celled organisms
Such as protists and bacteria
There are also multicellular organisms
Such as us

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2
Q

What is the cell theory

A

All living organisms are made up one or more cells
Smallest living organisms are single cells , and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
All cells come from pre -exisiting cells

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3
Q

What are the two types of cells

A

Prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles ,small ,no nucleus (genetic material in nucleoide)
eukaryotic cells-larger , have a nucleus , have membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

What are the sizes of cells

A

Bacteria=1-5 um in Diameter
Eukaryotic cells=10-100 um in Diameter

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5
Q

Do larger organisms have larger cells

A

Nope they just have more cells

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6
Q

What are the basic components of a cell

A

1)plasma membrane
2)DNA =genetic info
3)cytoplasm
4)ribosomes

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7
Q

What are the three levels organisms can be placed in

A

Domain bacteria,domain archea and domain eukarya

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8
Q

How are cells studied

A

They’re studied with microscopes, most commonly used microscope in the lab is light microscope
1)Bright field microscope
2)dark field microscope
3)phase contrast
4)Fluorence microscope

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9
Q

What are most modern microscopes classified as

A

They’re classified as compound microscopes and that means they have several lenses in combination to make images bigger

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10
Q

What are bright feild microscopes used for

A

Looking at dead stained cells
One will see a dark object in front of a bright background
(For living dark feild or contrast)

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11
Q

What are electron microscopes

A

Use electrons as the source of illumination

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12
Q

What are the two different types of microscopes

A

1)transmission microscope=forms an image from electrons transmitted from specimen(inside)
2)scanning electron microscope =forms an image from electrons that are deflected from the speciemens other surface (used to look at surface topology of a cell )

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13
Q

What are the strengths of electron microscopes

A

1)magnification is greater
Light microscope=100x
Electron microscope= 100,000x

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14
Q

What is the weaknesses of electron microscopes

A

Can’t look at living speciemen, specimen prep is time-consuming and difficult
And the instrument operations need a lot of technical expertise
Machine is large and expensive

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15
Q

What is an organelle

A

A membrane enclosed structure that has some specialized function for the eukaryotic cell
Examples:
1)golgi
2)endoplasmic reticulum
3)mitochondria

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16
Q

What is the endomembrane system

A

A collection of membranes inside and surrounding the cell
-this allows for compartmilization inside of a cell

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17
Q

What are the 7 components of the endomembrane system

A

1)Nuclear envelope
2)lysosomes
3)plasma membrane
4)golgi apparatus
5)vesicles
6)vacuoles
7)endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

How are the 7 components of the endo system connected

A

Related by direct physical continuity
And by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles between them

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19
Q

What structures do plants and animal cells share?

A

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Vacuoles
Golgi

20
Q

What are found in animal cells but not plants?

A

Flagella,centrosomes,lysosomes(hydrolytic enzymes that take waste outta the cell)

21
Q

Plant cells but not animal cells?

A

Central vacuole ,chloroplasts and cell wall

22
Q

What do animals not have

A

Cell wall however do produce something that forms outside the plasma membrane

23
Q

What is the outside layer of the animal cell called

A

Extracellular matrix
Consists of protein fibers
Most abundant protein found in the ECM os collagen(protein that plays a role in structure )

24
Q

What is collagen embedded in?

A

Proteogylcon complex

25
Q

What is a proteoglycan ?

A

A protein with many carb chains attached to
And a proteoglycan complex is many proteoglycans noncovalently attached to a single polysaccharide molecule

26
Q

What is the function of the ECM?

A

PROVDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
HELPS KEEP CELLS IN PLACE
KEEPS ADJACENT CELLS IN CONTACT WITH ONE ANOTHER
PLAYS A ROLE IN CELL COMMUNICATION

27
Q

HOW DO PLANT CELLS COMMUNICATE WITH EACHOTHER?

A

Adjacent plant cells form direct connections with one another at certain sites these sites are called plasmodesmata
The plasmodesmata are channels that connect the cytoplasm of two plant cells

28
Q

How do animal cells communicate

A

They communicate via gap junctions -consists of specialized membrane proteins that surround a pore ,thereby allowing certain molecules to pass through

29
Q

How do animal cells communicate

A

They communicate via gap junctions -consists of specialized membrane proteins that surround a pore ,thereby allowing certain molecules to pass through

30
Q

Who came up with the cell theory ?

A

Matthias Schleiden Schwann and Rudolf Virchow in mid 1800’s

31
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Helps move material within a cell

32
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis lipids

33
Q

Mitochondrian

A

Produces energy for the cell

34
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains enzymes that help clean up and recycle cellular constituents

36
Q

Golgi

A

Involved in sorting and shipping of proteins

37
Q

Rough ER

A

Involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins

38
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

39
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Controls what comes in and out of the cell

40
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane with pores surrounding the nucleus

41
Q

Central vacuole

A

Space in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane

42
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that contains genetic information

43
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site where rRNA and ribosomal subunits are made

44
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

45
Q

Centriole

A

Microtuble organizing centre

46
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects, maintains the cell shape and prevents excessive uptake of water

Bio (17 decks)

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