Chapter 1.4 Flashcards
It is the scientific study of how people behave, think, and feel.
Psychology
________ as “of, relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity, such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering”
cognitive
________ was a Swiss clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development. He pioneered the “theory of cognitive development,”
Jean Piaget
a comprehensive theory about the development of human intelligence
Theory of Cognitive Development
This theory dealts with the nature of knowledge itself, and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it
Theory of Cognitive Development
It is a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience.
cognitive development
There are three basic to Piaget’s cognitive theory. These are:
Schemas
Adaptation
Stages of cognitive development
These are the building blocks of knowledge.
Schemas/schemes
_______ are mental organizations that individuals use to understand their environments and designate action.
Schemes
It involves the child’s learning processes to meet situational demands.
Adaptation
They reflect the increasing sophistication of the child’s thought process.
Stages of Cognitive Development
According to Piaget, the knowledge children acquire is organized into _______ (scheme) or groupings of similar actions or thoughts.
schemas
__________ is the application of previous concepts to new concepts.
For example, a child who was just learned the word “fish,” shouts “fish!” upon seeing one.
Assimilation
___________ happens when people encounter completely new information or when existing ideas are challenged.
accommodation
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
The child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking, the child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and- effect relationships.
Object permanence appears around 9 months.
Sensorimotor
The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers.
Egocentrism is also evident. Conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of concrete oeprations.
Preoperational
The child demonstrates conservation, reversiblity, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-andk- effect relationship. Thinking at this stage is still concrete.
Concrete Operations
The individual demonstrates abstract thinking at this stage is still concrete.
Formal Operations
__________ detailed the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the broad developmental changes observed across early childhood, later childhood, and adolescence could be interpreted within a Piagetian framework.
Dr. Susan Harter
The child describes the “self” in terms of concrete, observable characteristics,
Early childhood
The self is described in terms of traitlike constructs (e.g., smart, honest, friendly, shy) that would require the type of hierarchical organizational skills characteristic of logical thought development.
Middle to later childhood
According to Harter, this is the emergence of more abstract self- definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and motives.
Adolescence
The marked characteristic of “self” for emerging adults is having a vision of a “possible self.” It is the “age of possibilities”
Emerging adults
‘The art of being wise is knowing what to overlook,” wrote ___________(name) in his groundbreaking masterpiece, The Principles of Psychology, written in 1890. A figure commonly known as “the father of American psychology.” philosopher, psychologist, and university professor, He gave one of the earliest self-theory psychological analyses.
William James
According to _______, the “self” has two elements: the I-self and the Me- self.
William James
______ is the pure ego. It is the subjective self. It is the “self” that is aware of its own actions.
I-self
The I-self characteristically has four features. These are:
• A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior.
• A sense of being unique.
• A sense of continuity.
• A sense of awareness about being aware.
The _______ is the self that is the object. It is the “self” that you can describe, such as your physical characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships, thoughts, feelings
me-self
________ is defined as “based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic”
Empirical
The dimensions of the me-self include:
Material
Social
Spiritual
Me Self
_____ - social skills and significant interpersonal relationships
____ - personality, character, defining values.
_____ - physical appearance and extensions of it such as clothing, immediate family, and home;
Social
Spiritual
Material
_______ was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology
Carl Ransom Rogers
_________ is a psychological perspective that rose to prominence in the mid-20th century.
Humanistic psychology
It emphasized the active role of the individual in shaping their internal and external worlds.
Humanistic psychology
He stressed that a person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and who thinks, feels, and responds to his or her environment.
Carl Rogers
It refers to a person’s basic instinct to succeed at his or her highest possible capacity.
actualizing tendency
According to _______, all behavior is motivated by self- actualizing tendencies and these tendencies drive you to reach your full potential.
Carl Rogers
An organized, fluid, conceptual pattern of concepts and values related to the self.
self-concept
he or she would tend to feel good about himself or herself, and would generally see the world as a safe and positive place.
Positive self concept
he or she may feel unhappy with who he/she is
Negative self concept
Rogers further divided the self into two categories:
the ideal self and the real self
The ________ is the person that you would like yourself to be; it is your concept of the “best me” who is worthy of admiration. It is an idealized image of self that the individual has developed based on what you have has learned and experienced.
ideal self
The _______ is the person you actually are. It is how you behave right at the moment of a situation. It is who you are in reality - how you think, feel, or act at present.
real self
According to ________, “If the way that I am (the real self) is aligned with the way that I want to be (the ideal self), then I will feel a sense of mental well-being or peace of mind.
Carl Rogers
when your real self and ideal self are very similar you experience _______.
congruence
When there is a great inconsistency between your ideal and real selves or if the way you are is not aligned with what you want to be, then you experience a state Rogers called _________.
incongruence
________ is defined as the inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demands of one’s environment
Maladjustment
________ (1961) proposed his “personality trait” theory asserting that every person possesses “traits.”
Psychologist Gordon Allport
“______” is your essential characteristic that never, ever changes and sticks with you all your life. Moreover, these traits shape who you are
trait
Eric Berne began to develop his ____________ model as basis for understanding behavior. __________ is anchored on two notions:
- Every person has three parts called “ego states” in his or her personality. 2. People communicate with one another assuming roles of any of these ego states.
transactional analysis
The ____________ is the voice of authority. It could be a comforting “nurturing parent” voice or a “controlling/critical parent” voice that tells what you should or should not do.
parent ego state
The _______ ego state is the rational person. It is the voice that speaks reasonably and knows how to assert himself or herself.
Adult
Three child ego state
________ who loves to play but is sensitive and vulnerable.
________ is the curious child who wants to try everything.
________ is the one who reacts to the world.
natural child
little professor
adaptive child
University professor and author _________ proposed that the human self has three related, but separable, domains. These domains are:
- 3.
Gregg Henriques
- Experiential self;
- Private self-conscious; and
- Public self/persona.
_______ is the theater of consciousness because it is the first to experience its beingness
experiential self
_________ can be described as the narrator or interpreter.
private self-conscious
________ is the image you project to the public. This is the image that interacts with others and will influence how others see you.
public self or persona
introduced his concept of “false self” and “true self.”
Donald Winnicott
(John Bowlby)
It is the product of early experience. It is a defensive organization formed by the infant because of inadequate mothering or failures in empathy. He added that the false self is developed as the infant is repeatedly subjected to maternal care that intrudes upon, rejects, or abandons his or her experience
false self
when the person has false self but can still function both as an individual and in the society, then he or she has a healthy false self. The _______________ feels that it is still connected with the true self. Thus, it can be compliant without feeling guilty that it abandoned its true self.
healthy false self
An individual who may seem happy and comfortable in his or her environment but actually feels forced to fit in and constantly needs to adjust his or her behavior to adapt to the social situation is said to have an unhealthy false self.
unhealthy false self
It is part of the infant that feels creative, spontaneous, and real. It has a sense of integrity, of connected wholeness.
It is a sense of being alive and real in one’s mind and body, having feelings that are spontaneous and unforced. This experience of aliveness is what allows people to be genuinely close to others and to be creative.
True self
