Chapter 1.1 Flashcards
The “______” is an important study in psychology.
self
It holds that the “self” is either the ________ or the _______ representation of the individual.
cognitive
affective
________ is relating to or involving conscious intellectual activity
Cognitive
_______ is relating to or arising from feelings influenced by emotions
affective
It is a persistent question that is rooted in the human need to understand the basis of the experiences of the “self.”
“Who am I?”
________ sees the “self” as a product of ____________, developed over time through social activities and experiences.
sociology
social interactions
___________ views the “self” as a culturally shaped construct or idea.
Anthropology
It is an autonomous participant in the society as much as it is submerged in the community, according to Anthropologists
Self
_________ sees the “self” as having characteristics or properties that can be used to describe it.
psychology
Pioneers in the study pointed out that the “______” is related to its physical and social environment, it is unique, and it is necessary to its experiences.
self
British philosopher ________ (known for his interpretations of Eastern philosophy and mythology) talked about the great “______” of the Self. However, it should be noted that the term “myth” here is not used to describe a false story, rather it is used as a means to interpret a reality.
Alan Watts
myths
According to _______, the pervading myth in the West is that “______________.” This means there is a clear distinction between the creator and the creation.
• Alan Watts
• the world is an artefact
________ interpretation of the “self” possesses an internal distinction from its external environment.
Western
• In the ______ however, the myth is that “the world is a drama and all things are actors with specific parts to play.”
• There is no distinction between the creator and the creation as all that exists is immersed in one and the same existence.
• This perspective suggests that the “self” in Eastern traditions is seen through the eyes of a __________, rather than a detached, single entity.
East
community
“Believe in yourself! Have faith in your abilities! Without a humble but reasonable confidence in your own powers you cannot be successful or happy.”
-Norman Vincent Peale
Philosophy is from the Greek words _______- (______) and ______ (______,______). At its simplest, philosophy means “loving knowledge” or “loving wisdom.”
philo - (loving)
Sophia - (knowledge, wisdom).
The term philosophy as originally used by the Greeks meant “____________________.”
the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake
“I Know That I Don’t Know”
– Socrates
He was a Greek philosopher and one of the very few individuals who shaped Western thought
Socrates
Knowledge about Socrates is through ____________ from the writings of his student ________ (another of the most influential Western thinkers) and historian _________
second-hand information
Plato
Xenophon
Socrates was known for his method of _________ in testing an idea which is called the _______
Method of inquiry
Socratic Method
In this method, an idea was tested by asking a series of questions to determine underlying beliefs and the extent of knowledge
Socratic method
Socrates was described to have gone about in _______ questioning everyday views and popular ________. This apparently offended the leaders in his time. He was then accused of impiety or lack of reverence for the gods and for corrupting the minds of the youth. At _____ years old, Socrates was sentenced to death by drinking a cup of ___________
Athens
Athenian beliefs
70
poison hemlock
This is some of his ideas (name)
.The soul is ________.
. The care of the soul is the task of _________.
. _______ is necessary to attain happiness
Socrates
• immortal
• philosophy
• Virtue
He believed that philosophy had a very important role to play in the lives of the people. One of his most-quoted phrases is, “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Socrates
According to ________, _________ or the examination of one’s self, as well as the question about how one ought to live one’s life, are very important concerns because only by knowing yourself can you hope to improve your life
Socrates
self-knowledge
He believed that you as a person should consciously contemplate, turn your gaze inward, and analyze the true nature and values that are guiding your life.
Socrates
This would open your eyes to your true nature; which contrary to pop culture, is not about what you own, how many “Likes” you get in your social media posts, or how successful you are in your career. In fact, your real self is not even your body.
self-knowledge
According to ________, the state of your ________ (soul/self) determines the ______ of your life.
Socrates
inner being
quality
Socrates said existence is of two kinds:
- The visible, and
- The invisible.
The visible existence ______ while the invisible existence remains _______
• According to Socrates, this is the state of the human being. The body, which is visible, changes; the other part, the kind that is invisible to humans yet sensed and understood by the mind remains constant.
changes
constant
In the Socratic Dialogue, Plato wrote what Socrates said about the body and the soul: “When the soul and body are together nature assigns our body to be a ______ and to be _____ and the soul to be ______ and ______
slave, ruled
ruler and master
Socrates believed that the goal of life is to be ________.
happy
According to ________, the ________ man is a happy man, and that virtue alone is the one and only supreme good that will secure his/her happiness.
Socrates
virtuous
It is the one and only supreme good that will secure his/her happiness.
Virtue
_______ is defined as moral excellence, and an individual is considered virtuous if his/her character is made up of the _________ that are accepted as ______, _______, ________, ______, and _______
Virtue
moral qualities
virtues, courage, temperance, prudence and justice
_______ is defined as moral excellence, and an individual is considered virtuous if his/her character is made up of the _________ that are accepted as ______, _______, ________, ______, and justice
Virtue
moral qualities
virtues, courage, temperance, prudence
According to _______, even death is a trivial matter for the truly virtuous because he/she has realized that the most important thing in life is the state of his/her soul and the acts taken from taking care of the soul through self-knowledge.
Socrates
“Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions in others.”
– Plato
_______ wrote the _________ where Socrates was the main character and speaker.
Plato
Socratic Dialogue
Plato’s _________ method was what he identified as “collection and division”
philosophical
In this method, the philosopher would “collect” all the generic ideas that seemed to have common characteristics and then divided them into different kinds until the subdivision of ideas became specific.
Philosophical method
He is best known for his Theory of Forms
Plato
This asserted the physical world is not really the “real” world because the ultimate reality exists beyond the physical world.
Theory of Forms
According to _____, the “_____” is indeed the most divine aspect of the human being.
• However, his concept of the divine is not a spiritual being but rather one that has an intellectual connotation.
Plato
soul
The self/soul/mind according to Plato is the aspect of the human beings by which the _______ (ideas) are known.
Forms
The self/soul/mind according to Plato is the aspect of the human beings by which the _____ (ideas) are known.
Forms
The Three parts of the soul according to Plato are:
Appetitive (sensual)
Rational (reasoning)
Spirited (feeling)
The element that enjoys sensual experiences, such as food, drink, and sex
The appetitive (sensual)
The element that forbids the person to enjoy the sensual experiences; the part that loves truth, hence, should rule over the other parts of the soul through the use of reason
The rational (reasoning)
The element that is inclined toward reason but understands the demands of passion; the part that loves honor and victory
The spirited (feeling)
He is one of the Latin Fathers of the Church, one of the Doctors of the Church, and one of the most significant Christian thinkers.
St. Augustine
also called Saint Augustine of Hippo,
• His philosophical approach to Christian thinking is the most influential theological system.
• His written works are among the foundations of medieval and modern Christian thought
St. Augustine
________ was deeply influenced by Plato’s ideas. Not surprisingly, he adopted Plato’s view that the “self” is an ________ (but rational) soul.
Saint Augustine
immaterial
________ gives the Theory of Forms a Christian perspective, he asserted that these Forms were concepts existing within the ______ and __________ where the soul belonged
St. Augustine
perfect and eternal God
Saint Augustine held that the soul held the _______ and was capable of scientific thinking. Saint Augustine’s concept of the “self” was an inner, immaterial “I” that had self-knowledge and self-awareness.
Truth
________ believed that the human being was both a soul and body, and the ______ possessed senses, such as imagination, memory, reason, and mind through which the ______ experienced the world.
Plato
body
soul
_________ reasoned that human beings through the senses could sense the material, temporal objects as we interacted with the material world; the immaterial but intelligible (def. able to be understood only by the intellect, not by the senses)
______ would only be clear or obvious to the mind if one tune into his/her immaterial self/soul.
St. Augustine
God
The aspects of the self/soul according to Saint Augustine’s are:
• It is able to be aware of itself.
• It recognizes itself as a holistic one.
• It is aware of its unity.
He believed that the human being who is both soul and body is meant to tend to higher, divine, and heavenly matters because of his/her our capacity to ascend and comprehend truths through the mind.
Saint Augustine
He connected the ascension of the soul with his assertion that everything related to the physical world belongs to the physical body, and if a person concerns himself/herself with this physical world then he/she will not be any different from animals.
At. Augustine
_________ pointed out that a person is similar to God as regards to the mind and its ability; that by ignoring to use his/her mind (or the incorrect use of the mind) he/she would lose his/her possibility to reach real and lasting happiness
Saint Augustine
He was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
René Descartes
He is considered the father of modern Western philosophy.
Rene Descartes
______ is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of ______ to describe, predict, and understand natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence
Rene Descartes
reason
________ proposed that _____ was a principal tool of disciplined inquiry.
Rene Descartes
doubt
Rene Descartes’ method was called _______/____________, also sometimes referred to as _______________
hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt
methodological skepticism
It is a systematic process of being skeptical about the truth of one’s beliefs in order to determine which beliefs could be ascertained as true
hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt
or
methodological skepticism
____________’ famous line “Cogito ergo sum” translated as “I think, therefore I am” became a fundamental element of Western philosophy as it secured the foundation for knowledge in the face of radical doubt.
René Descartes
Rene Descartes’ famous line “__________” translated as “___________” became a fundamental element of Western philosophy as it secured the foundation for knowledge in the face of radical doubt.
Cogito ergo sum
I think, therefore I am
He asserted that everything perceived by the senses could not be used as proof of existence because human senses could be fooled.
Rene Descartes
Descartes said that there was only one thing we could be sure of in this world, and that was everything could be _______.
In turn, by doubting his own existence, Descartes proved that there is a thinking entity that is doing the act of doubting.
doubted
Descartes’ claims about the “self” are:
• It is constant; it is not prone to change; and it is not affected by time. • Only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time.
• The immaterial soul is the source of our identity.
The immaterial substance (self) possesses a body and is so intimately bound/joined by it that the “self” forms a union with its body.
• Despite this body-soul union, _______ (name) reasoned that the soul is still distinct from the body.
Rene Descartes
Some distinctions between the soul and body as pointed out by Descartes are:
THE SOUL
• It is a conscious, thinking substance that is unaffected by time.
• It is known only to itself (only you know your own mental event and others cannot correct your mental states).
• It is not made up of parts. It views the entirety of itself with no hidden or separate compartments. It is both conscious and aware of itself at the same time.
THE BODY
• it is a material substance that changes through time.
• It can be doubted; The public can correct claims about the body.
• It is made up of physical, quantifiable, divisible parts.
He was a philosopher and physician and was one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers.
John Lock
The Age of _________ or the Age of _______ was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the ideas in Europe during the ________.
Enlightenment
Reason
18th century
If Descartes described the “self” as a thinking thing. ______ expanded this definition of “self” to include the _______ of thinking thing.
Locke
memories
________ believed that the “_______” is identified with consciousness and this “______” consists of sameness of consciousness.
This is usually interpreted to mean that the “self” consists of _____; that the person existing now is the same person yesterday because he/she remembers the thoughts, experiences, or actions of the earlier self
John Lock
self
memory
For _____, a person’s _______ provide a continuity of experience that allows him/ her to identify himself/herself as the same person over time.
Locke
memories
The ________________ allows him (name) to justify a defense of accountability.
theory of personal identity
John Locke
“Balance between mind and body”
Plato
“All knowledge leads to God”
St. Augustine
“I think, therefore I am”
Rene Descartes
According to ______ since the person is the same “self” in the passing of time, he/she can be held accountable for past behaviors.
John Locke
• He insisted that a person could only be held accountable for behaviors he/she can remember.
• He believed that punishing someone for behaviors he/she has no recollection of doing is equivalent to punishing him/her for actions that was never performed.
• He asserted that the state of the person who cannot remember his/her behavior is the same as the state of the person who never committed the act, which meant the person was ignorant
John Locke
_____________ was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian during the Age of Enlightenment.
David Hume (1711-1776)
He was a fierce opponent of Descartes’ Rationalism.
David Hume
It is the theory that reason, rather than experience, is the foundation of all knowledge.
Rationalism
Hume, along with John Locke and Bishop George Berkeley, was one of the three main figureheads of the influential British Empiricism________ movement.
Empiricism
It is the idea that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience.
Empiricism
It emphasized the role of experience and evidence (especially sensory perception) in forming concepts, while discounting the notion of innate ideas
Empiricism
_________ is identified with the ______ theory wherein he described the “self” or person (which Hume assumed to be the “mind”) as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions are moving in a very fast and successive manner; therefore, it is in a “________.”
David Hume
bundle
perpetual flux
________ (his) theory began by denying Descartes’ view of the immaterial soul and of its experiences.
Empiricists like _______(him) believed that human intellect and experiences are limited; therefore, it is impossible to attribute it to an independent persisting entity
David Hume
Hume divided the mind’s perceptions into two groups stating that the difference between the two “consists in the degrees of force and liveliness with which they strike upon the mind”
• Impressions
• Ideas
These are the perceptions that are the most strong. They enter the senses with most force. These are directly experienced; they result from inward and outward sentiments.
Impressions
These are the less forcible and less lively counterparts of impressions. These are mechanisms that copy and reproduce sense data formulated based upon the previously perceived impressions.
Ideas
• He asserted that the notion of the “self” could not be verified through observation
• He argued that if you can directly know, then what you know are mere objects of what your senses are experiencing.
• With this idea, he believed there is no logical justification for the existence of anything other than what your senses experienced. For ______, the “self” was nothing but a series of incoherent impressions received by the senses. This description of experience revealed, according to _________, no permanently subsisting self
David Hume
_______ compared the “self” to a nation; whereby a nation retains its “being a nation” not by some single core or identity but by being composed of different, constantly changing elements, such as people, systems, culture, and beliefs.
the “self” according to him is not just one impression but a mix and a loose cohesion of various personal experiences.
• he insisted that there is no one constant impression that endures throughout your life.
David Hume
He did not believe on the existence of the “self.”
He stressed that your perceptions are only active for as long as you are conscious.
According to him, should your perception be “removed” for any time (such as when you are sleeping), and you can no longer sense yourself then you also cease to exist. In this line, he seemed to reduce the “self” as a light bulb that may be switched on or off.
David Hume
_________(name) “self” is a passive observer similar to watching one’s life pass before the eyes like a play or on a screen; whereby the total annihilation of the “self” comes at death.
David Hume
“Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa, which means that knowledge is derived from experience.”
— John Locke
“All knowledge is derived from human senses.”
David Hume
“________ is the final authority of morality.”
REASON
— Immanuel Kant
“________ is achieved only when there is absence of war because of the result of enlightenment”
Morality
— Immanuel Kant
He is a central figure in modern philosophy. His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every philosophical movement that followed him.
Immanuel Kant
One of the ideas he proposed is, the human mind creates the structure of human experience.
Immanuel Kant
His view of the “self” is transcendental, which means the “self” is related to a spiritual or nonphysical realm.
Immanuel Kant
For him, the self is not in the body. The self is outside the body, and it does not have the qualities of the body.
Immanuel Kant
Despite being transcendental, ________ (name) stressed that the body and its qualities are rooted to the “self.”
He proposed that it is knowledge that bridges the “self” and the material things together
Immanuel Kant
_________ is the mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he or she already possesses.
Apperception
According to him, ideas are what connect you to the external world. He defended the diverse quality or state of the body and soul (self) presenting that “bodies are objects of outer sense; souls are objects of inner sense”
Immanuel Kant
Two components of the “self”:
(Immanuel Kant)
Inner self
Outer self
The “self” by which you are aware of alterations in your own state.
This includes your rational intellect and your psychological state, such as moods, feelings, and sensations, pleasure, and pain.
Inner self
It includes your senses and the physical world. It is the common boundary between the external world and the inner self.
It gathers information from the external world through the senses, which the inner self interprets and coherently expresses.
Outer self
Kant proposed that the “self” organizes information in three ways:
- Raw perceptual input,
- Recognizing the concept, and
- Reproducing in the imagination
He confirms that the impressions you perceive point to one single common fact-the “self” is the subject of these experiences.
Immanuel Kant
_________ was a philosopher, physiologist, and psychologist and was one of the most influential thinkers of the _________ century
His most important contribution, particularly in psychology, was _________
Sigmund Freud
20th century
psychoanalysis
a practice devised to treat those who are mentally ill through dialogue.
psychoanalysis
It is the totality of the human mind, both conscious and unconscious.
psyche
It deals with awareness of present perceptions, feelings, thoughts, memories, and fantasies at any particular moment
Conscious
It is related to data that can readily be brought to consciousness
Pre-conscious/subconscious
It refers to data retained but not easily available to the individual’s conscious awareness or scrutiny.
Unconscious
Central to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the proposed existence of the unconscious as:
- A repository for traumatic repressed memories; and
- The source of anxiety-provoking drives that is socially or ethically unacceptable to the individual.
It is a personality theory based on the notion that an individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and the rational thought.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud used the analogy of an _______ to describe the three levels of the mind.
Freud further structured the psyche/mind into three parts:
iceberg
Id, Ego, Superego
It operates on the pleasure principle. Every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences. When the _____ achieves its demands, you experience pleasure; when it is denied, you experience “unpleasure” or tension.
Id (pleasure principle)
It operates according to the reality principle. It works out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands (often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society). The _____ considers social realities and norms, etiquette, and rules in deciding how to behave. If the _____ fails to use the reality principle, anxiety is experienced, and unconscious defense mechanisms are employed to help ward off unpleasant feelings.
Ego
It incorporates the values and morals of society. The ______ function is to control the id’s impulses. It persuades the ego to choose moralistic goals and to strive for perfection rather than simply realistic ones.
Superego (perfection principle)
The superego consists of two systems:
Conscience
Ideal self
If the ego gives in to the id’s demands, the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt.
Conscience
It is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be. It represents career aspirations; how to treat other people; and how to behave as a member of society.
Ideal self
He produced a critique on Descartes’ idea that the mind is distinct from the body.
Gilbert Ryle
_______ wrote __________ (1949) where he rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states. He called the distinction between mind and matter a “_________” because of its attempt to analyze the relation between “mind” and “body” as if the two were terms of the same categories
The Concept of Mind
category-mistake
Ryle’s points against Descartes’ theory are:
• The relation between mind and body are not isolated processes.
• Mental processes are intelligent acts, and are not distinct from each other.
• The operation of the mind is itself an intelligent act.
________ described this distinction between mind and body as “the dogma of the ghost in the machine” where he explained there is no hidden entity or ghost called “soul” (also understood as mind or self) inside a machine called “body”
Gilbert Ryle
He asserted that our sense of self is from our behaviors and actions.
Gilbert Ryle
“Wish fulfillment is the road to the unconscious”
— Sigmund Freud
“I act, therefore I am”
— Gilbert Ryle
________ is known for his studies in _________ and the philosophy of mind.
neurophilosophy
His philosophy stands on a materialistic view or the belief that nothing but matter exists.
In other words, if something can be seen, felt, heard, touched, or tasted, then it exists.
There is nothing beyond the sensory experience.
Paul Churchland
In his view… the immaterial, unchanging soul/self does not exist because it cannot be experienced by the senses.
Paul Churchland
Paul Churchland’s idea is called _________
eliminative materialism
It is the claim that people’s common-sense understanding of the mind (or folk psychology) is false, and that certain classes of mental states which most people believe in do not exist
Paul Churchland
“The physical brain and not the imaginary mind gives us our sense of self”
Paul Churchland
_________ asserted that the sense of “self” originated from the brain itself, and that this “self” is a product of ____________ produced by the brain.
Paul Churchland
electrochemical signals
He the body as the primary site of knowing the world, his idea of “self” is an ____________.
The term “________” is a verb that means to give a body to (usually an immaterial substance like a soul).
embodied subjectivity
embodied
________, in philosophy, is the state of being a subject
Subjectivity
1.)________ an entity that possesses conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires.
Moreover, a 1.) _______ acts upon or affects some other entity, which in philosophy is called the ______.
A 1.)_______, therefore, is something that exists, can take action, and can cause real effects (on an object).
1.) Subject
2.) object
He rejected the Cartesian mind-body self dualism and insisted that the mind and body are intrinsically connected.
Merleau-Ponty
He asserted that human beings are embodied subjectivities, and that the understanding of the “self” should begin from this fundamental fact.
Maurice Merleau Ponty
• He argued that the body is part of the mind, and the mind is part of the body
• According to him the body acts what the mind perceives as a unified one.
Merleau-Ponty
