Chapter 13 liquids Flashcards
What is sublimination?
A solid straight to a gas.
Example, Irene, dry ice, water vapor in freezer
What is sublimination
A gas changing to a solid without becoming a liquid. Such as water vapor in the winter on your windshield.
When do we call something a vapor vs a gas?
If it’s normally a liquid at room temperature, we call it a vapor
If it’s normally a gas at room temperature, we call it a gas
Average kinetic energy is also known as what
Temperature
A liquid is what
A state of matter with a definite volume, indefinite shape.
Exothermic reactions do what?
Liberate heat. From a gas to a solid.
Endothermic reactions do what?
Absorb heat
What happens in evaporation?
Particles at the SURFACE of a liquid with enough kinetic energy escape, and become a gas
Is evaporation a heating or cooling process?
Cooling. The particles with the highest average kinetic energy leave the liquid
particles left behind have lower average kinetic energy =lower temperature. Example sweat perspiration evaporating from skin leave the cooler. Rubbing alcohol.
What is volatile?
A substance that evaporates readily.
What is vapor pressure?
Pressure exerted by a vapor in a closed container in EQUILIBRIUM with its liquid. Molecules running into each other. 
What is equilibrium?
Dynamic condition where to opposing processes occur EQUAL RATES! NOT EQUAL AMOUNTS
Explain this photo
Le Chateliers principal?
When stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system responds to relieve the stress and restore equilibrium 
What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?
Boiling happens under the surface. Evaporation happens at the surface.
The boiling point of a liquid is related to what?
It’s vapor pressure.
Boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure above the liquid.
Boiling=pressure in bubble=pressure in atmospheric air
If you’re at high altitude, do things boil and cook at a higher temperature or lower temperature?
High altitude equals low pressure. Boil at lower temperature and needs to cook longer.
What is the standard in atmosphere?
760 mmHG
What happens in a change in state?
1 the particles of a substance move differently with respect to each other
2 energy is required for a change in state. Energy either goes in or out of substance.
3  TEMPERATURE IS CONSTANT DURING A PHASE CHANGE 
Melting and freezing point is the same for every substance!!
The horizontal lines show what
The amount of energy it took to change state
What increases the heat of evaporation/energy needed to change states?
If the molecules have a lot of attraction
What is dispersion force?
Also known as London dispersion force. This is a. TEMPORARY attractive force, which is the result RANDOM motion of electrons within a molecule. 
Can dispersion force happen with noble gases?
Yes, this is a temporary attractive force
During a dispersion force can a dipole happen?
Yes, because the distribution of electrons has temporarily been changed
Of the three types of intermolecular attractions order them from weakest to strongest
Dispersion force is weakest,
dipole-dipole interaction,
hydrogen bond, strongest.
What is a dipole dipole interaction?
Dipole= two poles 
An intermolecular attraction between the partially positive end of one polar molecule, and the partially negative end of another polar molecule
What is a hydrogen bond and how is it annotated?
Annotated with a zigzag line
Weak bond (but strongest of intermolecular )
between hydrogen in one molecule, and a VERY electronegative element in a neighboring SEPARATE molecule.
What does nonpolar mean?
Equal sharing
What does the lower case delta symbol mean?
Partial positive or partial negative
What elements are often involved in a hydrogen bonding?
Fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen
What’s the pattern regarding boiling points and melting points in relation to the mass of compounds?
Except for a water as mass increases boiling point increases
What happens as molar mass increases?
Increase temperature needed
to melt or boil,
but decreased heat of fusion and vaporization
What are the unique properties of water?
Bent molecule
Polar molecule (difference in electronegativity, not sharing equally AREAS OF CHARGE)
Hydrogen bonding low vapor pressure/tendency to make a vapor
High heat of vaporization
High boiling point
High surface tension
Ice has lower density where other freezing elements become more dense 
What is the reason for the unique properties of water?
HYDROGEN BONDING 
What are hydrates?
Solids that contain water molecules as part of their crystalline structure. The water that is chemically attached is known as water of hydration.
Anhydrates
Pentahydrate (5)
The prefix AN equals what
Without
What is capillary action?
A spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube
Capillary action is the result of two types of forces. What are they?
Cohesive and adhesive force
Definition of cohesive and adhesive force
Cohesive equals forces of attraction BETWEEN LIQUID molecules
Adhesive equals force of attraction between liquid molecules, and THE WALL
ADHERE TO WALL
When you are reading a liquid in a narrow cylinder, what line do you read to?
The meniscus, which is the bottom of the curve
Some metal oxides can react with water to form what
What are metal oxides called?
Hydroxide
Basic anhydrides
Some nonmetal oxide reacts with water to form what?
These non-metal oxides are called what
Acids
Acid anhydride
What does anhydrous mean?
Without water
Looking at a chemical compound, how do you take out water?
Cross off two H and an O
How do we know what intermolecular attractions could be in play?
dispersion force /London dispersion force can always be in play
Intermolecular attraction-check the electronegativity numbers and subtract the difference between atoms if it’s between 0.5–1.9 then it’s a polar covalent bond and a dipole dipole interaction
Hydrogen bond is AN ATTRACTION BETWEEN SEPARATE MOLECULES, ESPECIALLY FLUORINE, NITROGEN, AND OXYGEN 
In a dipole dipole interaction how do you know which end is positive and which is negative?
The atom with the smaller, electronegativity value equals the POSITIVE end
What are the steps in drawing intermolecular attractions?
1 Add up the number of valence electrons
2 write the skeletal structure put the first listed in the formula in the middle or the element that doesn’t have multiple atoms or is neediest
3 illustrate the bonded pairs
4 illustrate lone pairs
5 if left over valence electrons, distribute them in the center
What’s the difference between intermolecular forces an intra-molecular forces?
Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules
Intramolecular forces occur inside the molecules
