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Chemistry > Chapter 13 liquids > Flashcards

Chapter 13 liquids Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is sublimination?

A

A solid straight to a gas.

Example, Irene, dry ice, water vapor in freezer

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3
Q

What is sublimination

A

A gas changing to a solid without becoming a liquid. Such as water vapor in the winter on your windshield.

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4
Q

When do we call something a vapor vs a gas?

A

If it’s normally a liquid at room temperature, we call it a vapor

If it’s normally a gas at room temperature, we call it a gas

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5
Q

Average kinetic energy is also known as what

A

Temperature

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6
Q

A liquid is what

A

A state of matter with a definite volume, indefinite shape.

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7
Q

Exothermic reactions do what?

A

Liberate heat. From a gas to a solid.

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8
Q

Endothermic reactions do what?

A

Absorb heat

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9
Q

What happens in evaporation?

A

Particles at the SURFACE of a liquid with enough kinetic energy escape, and become a gas

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10
Q

Is evaporation a heating or cooling process?

A

Cooling. The particles with the highest average kinetic energy leave the liquid

particles left behind have lower average kinetic energy =lower temperature. Example sweat perspiration evaporating from skin leave the cooler. Rubbing alcohol.

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11
Q

What is volatile?

A

A substance that evaporates readily.

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12
Q

What is vapor pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a vapor in a closed container in EQUILIBRIUM with its liquid. Molecules running into each other. 

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13
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

Dynamic condition where to opposing processes occur EQUAL RATES! NOT EQUAL AMOUNTS

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14
Q

Explain this photo

A
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15
Q

Le Chateliers principal?

A

When stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system responds to relieve the stress and restore equilibrium 

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16
Q

What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?

A

Boiling happens under the surface. Evaporation happens at the surface.

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17
Q

The boiling point of a liquid is related to what?

A

It’s vapor pressure.

Boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure above the liquid.

Boiling=pressure in bubble=pressure in atmospheric air

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18
Q

If you’re at high altitude, do things boil and cook at a higher temperature or lower temperature?

A

High altitude equals low pressure. Boil at lower temperature and needs to cook longer.

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19
Q

What is the standard in atmosphere?

A

760 mmHG

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20
Q

What happens in a change in state?

A

1 the particles of a substance move differently with respect to each other

2 energy is required for a change in state. Energy either goes in or out of substance.

3  TEMPERATURE IS CONSTANT DURING A PHASE CHANGE 

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21
Q

Melting and freezing point is the same for every substance!!

A
22
Q

The horizontal lines show what

A

The amount of energy it took to change state

23
Q

What increases the heat of evaporation/energy needed to change states?

A

If the molecules have a lot of attraction

24
Q

What is dispersion force?

A

Also known as London dispersion force. This is a. TEMPORARY attractive force, which is the result RANDOM motion of electrons within a molecule. 

25
Q

Can dispersion force happen with noble gases?

A

Yes, this is a temporary attractive force

26
Q

During a dispersion force can a dipole happen?

A

Yes, because the distribution of electrons has temporarily been changed

27
Q

Of the three types of intermolecular attractions order them from weakest to strongest

A

Dispersion force is weakest,
dipole-dipole interaction,
hydrogen bond, strongest.

28
Q

What is a dipole dipole interaction?

A

Dipole= two poles 

An intermolecular attraction between the partially positive end of one polar molecule, and the partially negative end of another polar molecule

29
Q

What is a hydrogen bond and how is it annotated?

A

Annotated with a zigzag line

Weak bond (but strongest of intermolecular )
between hydrogen in one molecule, and a VERY electronegative element in a neighboring SEPARATE molecule.

30
Q

What does nonpolar mean?

A

Equal sharing

31
Q

What does the lower case delta symbol mean?

A

Partial positive or partial negative

32
Q

What elements are often involved in a hydrogen bonding?

A

Fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen

33
Q

What’s the pattern regarding boiling points and melting points in relation to the mass of compounds?

A

Except for a water as mass increases boiling point increases

34
Q

What happens as molar mass increases?

A

Increase temperature needed
to melt or boil,

but decreased heat of fusion and vaporization

35
Q

What are the unique properties of water?

A

Bent molecule

Polar molecule (difference in electronegativity, not sharing equally AREAS OF CHARGE)

Hydrogen bonding low vapor pressure/tendency to make a vapor

High heat of vaporization

High boiling point

High surface tension

Ice has lower density where other freezing elements become more dense 

36
Q

What is the reason for the unique properties of water?

A

HYDROGEN BONDING 

37
Q

What are hydrates?

A

Solids that contain water molecules as part of their crystalline structure. The water that is chemically attached is known as water of hydration.

Anhydrates

Pentahydrate (5)

38
Q

The prefix AN equals what

A

Without

39
Q

What is capillary action?

A

A spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube

40
Q

Capillary action is the result of two types of forces. What are they?

A

Cohesive and adhesive force

41
Q

Definition of cohesive and adhesive force

A

Cohesive equals forces of attraction BETWEEN LIQUID molecules

Adhesive equals force of attraction between liquid molecules, and THE WALL
ADHERE TO WALL

42
Q

When you are reading a liquid in a narrow cylinder, what line do you read to?

A

The meniscus, which is the bottom of the curve

43
Q

Some metal oxides can react with water to form what

What are metal oxides called?

A

Hydroxide

Basic anhydrides

44
Q

Some nonmetal oxide reacts with water to form what?

These non-metal oxides are called what

A

Acids

Acid anhydride

45
Q

What does anhydrous mean?

A

Without water

46
Q

Looking at a chemical compound, how do you take out water?

A

Cross off two H and an O

47
Q

How do we know what intermolecular attractions could be in play?

A

dispersion force /London dispersion force can always be in play

Intermolecular attraction-check the electronegativity numbers and subtract the difference between atoms if it’s between 0.5–1.9 then it’s a polar covalent bond and a dipole dipole interaction

Hydrogen bond is AN ATTRACTION BETWEEN SEPARATE MOLECULES, ESPECIALLY FLUORINE, NITROGEN, AND OXYGEN 

48
Q

In a dipole dipole interaction how do you know which end is positive and which is negative?

A

The atom with the smaller, electronegativity value equals the POSITIVE end

49
Q

What are the steps in drawing intermolecular attractions?

A

1 Add up the number of valence electrons

2 write the skeletal structure put the first listed in the formula in the middle or the element that doesn’t have multiple atoms or is neediest

3 illustrate the bonded pairs

4 illustrate lone pairs

5 if left over valence electrons, distribute them in the center

50
Q

What’s the difference between intermolecular forces an intra-molecular forces?

A

Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules

Intramolecular forces occur inside the molecules

Chemistry (15 decks)

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