Chapter 13 Flashcards
Cephal/o
Head
Cerebell/o
Little brain
Cerebr/o
Cerebrum
Cran/i
Skull
Crani/o
Skull
Cyt/o
Cell
Dendr/o
Tree
Disk/o
Disk
Dur/o
Dura, head
Electr/o
Electricity
Encephal/o
Brain
Esthesi/o
Feeling
Fibr/o
Fiber
Gli/o
Glue
Hypn/o
Sleep
Lamin/o
Thin plate
Later/o
Side
Lob/o
Lobe
Mening/i
Membrane, meninges
Mening/o
Membrane, meninges
Ment/o
Mind
My/o
Muscle
Myel/o
Spinal cord
Narc/o
Numbness, sleep, stupor
Neur/o
Nerve
Pallid/o
Globus pallidus
Papill/o
Papilla
Poli/o
Gray
Scler/o
Hardening
Somn/o
Sleep
Spin/o
Thorn, spine
Spondyl/o
Vertebra
Vag/o
Vagus, wandering
Ventricul/o
Ventricle
Ambul
To walk
Concuss
Shake violently
Ganglion
Knot
Mnes
Memory
Sympath
Sympathy
Acetylcholine
Cholinergetic neurotransmitter; plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural junctions
akathisia
inability to remain still; motor restlessness and anxiety
akinesia
loss or lack of voluntary motion
alzheimer’s disease AD
a progressive degeneration of brain tissue that usually begins after age 60m it is the most common cause of dementia among older adults
amnesia
condition in which there is a loss or lack of memory
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS
muscular weakness atrophy with spasticity caused by degeneration. of motor neurons of the spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig disease
analgesia
Condition in which there is lack of the sensation of pain
anesthesia
literally means loss or lack of the sense of feeling a pharmacologically induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes, and decreased stress response
anesthesiologist
physician who specializes in the science of anesthesia
aphagia
loss or lack of the ability to eat or swallow
aphasia
literally means a lack of the ability to speak. it is a language disorder in which there is an impairment of producing or comprehending spoken or written language due to brain damage. it can be caused by a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other brain injury, or it may develop slowly as in the case of a brain tumor or progressive neurological disease, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinsons disease
apraxia
loss or lack of the ability to use objects properly and recognize common ones; inability to perform motor tasks or activities of daily living (ADL), such as dressing and bathing
asthenia
loss or lack of strength
astrocytoma
a primary tumor of the brain composed of astrocytes (star-shaped neuroglial cells) characterized by slow growth, cyst formation, metastasis, and malignant glioblastoma within the tumor mass. surgical intervention is possible in the early developmental stage of the tumor; also called astrocytic glioma
ataxia
literally means loss or lack of order; neurological sign and symptom consisting of lack of coordination of muscle movements. it implies dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum
bradykinesia
abnormal slowness of motion
cephalalgia
head pain; headache
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
cerebral palsy (CP)
disorder of movement and posture caused by damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain and can occur during gestation, during childbirth, or after birth up to about age 3. most common permanent disorder of childhood involving four motor dysfunctions: spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed
cerebrospinal
pertaining to the cerebellum and the spinal cord
chorea
abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias; characterized by episodes of rapid, jerky involuntary muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles
coma
unconscious state or stupor from which the patient cannot be aroused; may occur as a complication of an underlying illness or as a result of injuries to the brain. coma rarely lasts more than 2-4 weeks, although it can last for years. the outcome for coma depends on the cause, severity, and site of the damage
concussion
head injury with a transient loss of brain function; may also be called mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury (MHI), and minor head trauma (MHT)
craniectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the skull (cranium), which encases the brain
craniotomy
literally means surgical incision into the skull. it is a surgical operation in which a bone flap is removed from the skull to access the brain. used to repair defects associated with traumatic head injuries or to repair a cerebral aneurysm
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
a surgical procedure used to treat a variety of disabling neurological symptoms - most commonly the symptoms of parkinsons disease (PD), such as tremor, rigidity, stiffness, slowed movement, and walking problems; it is also used to treat essential tremor, a common neurological movement disorder. currently, DBS is used only for patients whose symptoms cannot be adequately controlled with medications
dementia
group of symptoms marked by memory loss and loss of other cognitive functions such as perception, thinking, reasoning, and remembering
diskectomy
surgical excision of an intervertebral disk
dyslexia
difficulty reading and writing words even though vision and intelligence and unimpaired
dysphasia
impairment of speech that may be caused by a brain lesion
electromyography
process of recording the contraction of a skeletal muscle as a result of electrical stimulation; used in diagnosing disorders of nerves supplying muscles
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain. there are numerous types of encephalitis, many of which are caused by viral infection. symptoms include sudden fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia (abnormal sensitivity to light), stiff neck and back, confusion, drowsiness, clumsiness, unsteady gait, and irritability
encephalopathy
any pathological dysfunction of the brain. HIV encephalopathy is called AIDS dementia complex
endorphins
chemical substances produced in the brain that act as natural analgesics (opiates) and provide feelings of pleasure
epidural
literally means pertaining to situated in the dura mater; often used to refer to a form of regional anesthesia involving injection of medication via a catheter into the epidural space. this causes both a loss of sensation (anesthesia) and a loss of pain (analgesia), by blocking the transmission of signals through nerves in or near the spinal cord
epiduroscopy
minimally invasive form of surgery that introduces medication via an endoscope into the epidural space; used for back pain when all other conservative treatments have failed
epilepsy
a neurological disorder involving repeated seizures of any type. seizures are episodes of disturbed brain function that cause changes in attention and/or behavior. the types of seizures experienced by those with epilepsy are classified into four main categories
PARTIAL: (focal)- electrical disturbances are localized to areas of the brain near the source or focal point of the seizures
GENERALIZED: (bilateral; symmetrical)- widespread electrical discharge that involves both the right and left hemispheres of the brain
UNILATERAL: electrical discharge is predominantly confined to one of the two hemispheres of the brain
UNCLASSIFIED: cannot be placed into one of the other three categories because of incomplete data
ganglionectomy
surgical excision of a ganglion mass of nerve tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord
Glioma
tumor composed of neuroglial tissue
Guillain-barré syndrome
pathological condition in which the myelin sheath covering peripheral nerves are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflux response, and sudden muscle weakness. Generally an acute viral infection occurs 1 to 3 weeks before the onset of the syndrome. also called infectious polyneuritis, acute febrile polyneuritis, or acute idiopathic polyneuritis
Hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body that can be caused by a stroke, cerebral palsy, brain, tumor, multiple sclerosis, and other brain and nervous system diseases
Hemiplegia
paralysis of 1/2 of the party when is divided along the median sagittal plane, total paralysis of the arm, leg in trunk on the same side of the body stroke is the most common cause of this condition
Herniated disk syndrome (HDS)
condition in which part or all of the soft gelatinous central portion of an intervertebral disc is force throw we can part of the desk compression on the nerves can cause sciatica or severe lumbar back pain that radiates down one or both legs also called herniated, intervertebral disc ruptured disc herniated nucleus, pulposus (HNP) or slipped disc
Herpes zoster
viral disease characterized by painful vascular, eruptions, long segment of the spinal or cranial nerves also called shingles
Hydrocephalus
condition in which there is an increase amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing head to be in large treatment, involves a surgical placement of an artificial shunt which drains of fluid into the abdominal cavity
Hypereresthesia
increase feeling of sensory stimuli such a pain, touch or sound
Hyperkinesis
increase muscular movement in motion, inability to be still also known as hyperactivity
Hypnosis
artificially induced trance like state resembling somnambulism sleepwalking
Intercranial
pertaining to within the skull
Lamenectomy
surgical excision of the vertebral posterior arch
Lobotomy
surgical incision into the prefrontal or frontal lobe of the brain
Meningioma
tumor of the Menchies that originates from the arachnoidal tissue
Meningitis
information of the messages of the spinal cord, her brain with early diagnosis and proper treatment. Most patients recover from meningitis individuals with bacterial meningitis, are usually hospitalized for treatment.
Meningocele
congenital hernia sack like protrusion in which the Menchie’s protrude through a defect in the skull or spinal column
meningomyelocele
congenital herniation of the spinal cord, and meninges through a defect in the vertebral column
Microcephaly
Abnormally, small head, congenital anomaly characterized by an abnormal smallest of the head in relation to the rest of the body
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
chronic disease of the central nervous system, marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord, causing tremor weakness and coordination. Paresthesia and disturbance is envisioned in speech. The multiple effects of MS are shown.
Myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
Narcolepsy
 chronic condition with recurrent attacks of uncontrollable, drowsiness and sleep
Neuralgia
pain in a nerve or nerves
Neurasthenia
pathological condition, characterized by weakness, exhaustion, and prostration that often accompanies severe depression
Neurectomy
surgical excision of a nerve
Neuroblast
germ, embryonic cells from which nervous tissue is formed
Neuroblastoma
malignant tumor, composed of cells, resembling neuroblast, mostly occurs in infants and children
Neurofibroma
fibrous connective tissue tumor of a nerve
Neuralgia
supporting or connective tissue cells of the central nervous system
Neurologist
physician specializes in the study of the nervous system
Neurology
Study of the nervous system
Neuroma
tumor of nerve cells, and nerve fibers
Neuropathy
any pathological nervous tissue disease
Neurotransmitter
Chemical substances, such as dopamine in acetylcholines that carry electrical impulses across a synapse between two neurons
oligodendroglioma
malignant tumor, composed of all oligodendroglia type of cell that makes up one component of the tissue if the CNS
Pain
A symptom of a physical or emotional condition. Pain has been described as unpleasant, bodily sensations or a complex of sensations resulting from injury or disease, cause physical discomfort or emotional distress
Pallidotomy
surgical destruction of the Globus pallidus of the brain tend to treat involuntary movements or muscular rigidity in Parkinson’s disease
Papilledema
swelling of the optic disc usually caused by increased intracranial pressure ICP also called choked disc
Paraplegia
paralysis of the lower part of the body and both legs
Paresis
slight partial or incomplete paralysis
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation feeling of numbness, prickling or tingling
Parkinson’s disease
Progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls movement. This generation creates a shortage of the brain, signaling chemical neurotransmitter known as dopamine, causing the movement impairments that characterize this disease. Often the first symptom of Parkinson disease is tremor of a limb, especially when the bodies at rest, the tremor often begins on one side of the body frequently in one hand other common symptoms include slow movements and inability to move, rigid limbs. A shuffling gait a stooped posture, also called paralysis, adjutants, or shaking palsy.
Poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
Polyneuritis
literally means inflammation involving many nerves
Quadripeliga
paralysis of all four extremities, and usually the trunk due to injury to the spinal cord in the cervical spine, also called tetraplegia
Reye syndrome
acute disease that causes a team of the brain and increased intercranial pressure hypoglycemia and fatty infiltration of the liver and other vital organs occurs in children and has a relation to aspirin, administration can be viral in origin
Sciatica
severe pain along the course of the sciatic nerve
Sleep
State of rest for the body and mind has two distinct types rapid eye-movement REM sometimes called dreams, sleep and non-rapid eye-movement and NREM
Somnambulism
Condition of sleepwalking
Spondylosyndesis
surgical procedure to buy invertebrate after removal of a herniated disc, also called spinal fusion
Stroke
death of focal brain tissue that occurs when the brain does not get sufficient blood and oxygen, also called cerebrovascular accident, CVA, or brain attack. If the flow of blood in an artery supply in the brain is interrupted for longer than a few seconds brain cells can die, causing permanent damage the interruption can, because either by bleedingor blood clots in the brain, a transient ischemic attack TIA is a temporary interference in the blood supply to the brain. It sometimes referred to as a mini stroke and symptoms can last for a few minutes for several hours.
Subdural
pertaining to below the Dura Mater
Sundowning
Increased agitation or restlessness that occurs in the late afternoon early evening in patients, with cognitive impairment, most common with alzheimer’s type dementia and Parkinson’s disease
Sympathectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the sympathetic nervous system, such as nerve or ganglion
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
use of mild electrical stimulation to interfere with the transmission of painful stimuli, has proved useful in relieving pain in some patience
Vagotomy
surgical incision of the vagus nerve
Ventriculogram
X-ray of the cerebral ventricles
