Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Chapter 12 - organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - organic chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why can carbon form so many compounds ?

A
  • a carbon atom can form bonds with other carbon atoms to make chains and rings
  • a carbon atom can form a single or double bond with another carbon atom
  • a carbon atom can bond with other atoms e.g hydrogen , oxygen and chlorine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the features of a homologous series ?

A
  • have the same general formula
  • show similar chemical properties
  • show gradation in their physical properties
  • differ by a ‘CH2’ unit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the alkanes general formula ?

A

CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the colour and state of all the alkanes ?

A

they are all colourless gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon ?

A

A hydrocarbon is a molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does saturated mean ?

A

Saturated means that all the carbon-carbon bonds are single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the molecular formula for methane and propane ?

A

methane : CH4

propane: C3H8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a functional group ?

A

A functional group is a reactive group in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the alkanes functional group ?

A

The alkanes don’t have a functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the definition of combustion ?

A

combustion is the reaction of fuels with oxygen, forming oxides and releasing heat energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the products when alkanes undergo complete combustion ?

A

water + carbon dioxide (energy is released)

orange flame observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the products when alkanes undergo incomplete combustion ?

A

carbon monoxide + water ( energy released)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the formula for carbon monoxide ?

A

CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does carbon monoxide do to the body ?

A

Its a toxic gas that prevents the blood from carrying haemoglobin. Headaches, dizziness, nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is soot formed and what problems does it cause?

A

Formed by incomplete combustion of fuels and the carbon particles pollute the air and cause lung damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is sulfur dioxide formed and what problems does it cause

A

Many fuels contain sulfur impurities which burn and produce acidic sulfur dioxide. It can damage buildings, damage vegetation and kill fish in lakes and rivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the general formula of the alkenes

A

CnH2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the functional group of the alkenes ?

A

The carbon to carbon double bond (C=C)

Due to this the alkenes are more reactive than the alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the state and colour of all the alkenes at room temperature ?

A

all alkenes are a colourless gas at room temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the molecular formulas for all the alkenes?

A

ethene : C2H4
propene : C3H6
but-1-ene : C4H8
but-2-ene : C4H8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the products when the alkenes undergo in/complete combustion ?

A

incomplete : carbon monoxide + water

complete : carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the term unsaturated mean ?

A

Unsaturated means that the molecule contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an addition reaction ?

A

An addition reaction is one in which two molecules react to form one product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the test for the alkanes and alkenes ?

A

Shake the alkene or alkane with bromine water and if its and alkane it will stay orange and if it turns colourless it means it is an alkene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens when an addition reaction occurs with hydrogen and an alkene ?

A

The hydrogen bonds across the C=C and it turns into an alkane

26
Q

What are the conditions of the addition reaction between and alkene and hydrogen ?

A

150*C

catalyst of nickel

27
Q

What is the name given when an addition reaction occurs with hydrogen and an alkene ?

A

hydrogenation

28
Q

give one use of hydrogenation

A

Making unsaturated fats into saturated fats.

29
Q

When alkenes react with steam what do they produce ?

A

alcohol

30
Q

What is the process called when alkenes react with steam ?

A

hydration

31
Q

What are the conditions for alkenes react with steam ?

A

high temperature and a catalyst

32
Q

What is the definition of a polymer ?

A

A polymer is a long chain molecule made from joining small molecules together

33
Q

What is the definition of a monomer ?

A

A monomer is a small molecule that combines with other monomers to make a polymer

34
Q

What is the definition of an addition polymerisation ?

A

Addition polymerisation is the process of joining monomer molecules together to form a long chain molecule

35
Q

What is the definition of non-biodegradable material ?

A

A non-biodegradable material is one which is not decomposed by natural bacteria in the environment

36
Q

What are the (dis)advantages of the various methods of disposal of non-biodegradable materials ?

A

You know them

37
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols ?

A

CnH2n+1OH

38
Q

What is the colour and sate of all the alcohols at room temperature ?

A

they are all colourless liquids

39
Q

What is the molecular formula for all of the alcohols ?

A

methanol : CH3OH
ethanol: C2H5OH
propanol : C3H7OH

40
Q

What is observed when alcohol is burned in a plentiful supply of oxygen ?

A

A clean (non smoky) blue flame with an orange tip

41
Q

What is the word equation when ethanol reacts with oxygen ?

A

ethanol + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water

42
Q

What is the word equation when ethanol reacts with limited oxygen ?

A

ethanol + limited oxygen —-> carbon monoxide + water

43
Q

What alcohol can not form a carboxylic acid ?

A

prop-2-anol

44
Q

Name the three carboxylic acids formed when the alcohols get oxidised

A

ethanoic acid
methanoic acid
propanoic acid

45
Q

Draw out the structure of methanoic acid

A

PLLLEEEAAASSE

46
Q

What does acidified potassium dichromate solution do to alcohols ?

A

acidified potassium dichromate solution is an oxidising agent which oxidises some alcohols, on warming.

47
Q

What are the observations and what are the conditions when acidified potassium dichromate solution oxidises an alcohol ?

A

the acidified potassium dichromate solution changes from orange to green

warm in a water bath

48
Q

What is the definition of fermentation ?

A

Fermentation is the breakdown of sugars to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

49
Q

What are the conditions for fermentation ?

A
  • the sugars are dissolved in the solution
  • in the presence of yeast
  • at a warm temperature (not above 37*C)
  • in the absence in air
50
Q

What is the colour and state of all the carboxylic acids at room temperature ?

A

all are colourless liquids

51
Q

What is the molecular formula of all the carboxylic acids ?

A

methanoic acid : HCOOH
ethanoic acid : CH3COOH
propanoic acid : C2H5COOH
butanoic acid : C3H7COOH

52
Q

What are the names of all the carboxylic acids and their symbols ?

A

methanoate: HCOO-
ethanoate: CH3COO-
propanoate: C2H5COO-
butanoate: C3H7COO-

53
Q

How do carboxylic acids burn ?

A

they do not burn easily

54
Q

What is crude oil ?

A

Crude oil is a mixture containing mainly alkane hydrocarbons

55
Q

What are petrochemicals ?

A

petrochemicals are chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas

56
Q

What is the method for separating hydrocarbons ?

A
  • the crude oil is heated and vaporised
  • the vaporised crude oil enters a fractioning tower which is hotter at the bottom
  • the hydrocarbons cool as they rise up the tower and condense at different heights because they have different boiling points
  • hydrocarbons with large molecules are collected at the bottom while those with small molecules are collected at the top
57
Q

Name 5 uses for the fractions of crude oil :

A
  • petrol used for fuel for cars
  • kerosene as fuel for aircraft
  • diesel as fuel for cars and trains
  • fuel oils used for fuel for ships
  • bitumen used for surfacing roads
58
Q

What is the definition of cracking ?

A

Cracking is the breakdown of larger saturated hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated.

59
Q

Why is cracking used?

A

Shorter chain alkanes are in very high demand as fuels

60
Q

How is cracking carried out ?

A

Cracking is carried out by heating. It is thermal decomposition reaction because the alkanes are broken down into smaller molecules using heat

Chemistry (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions