Chapter 11 - Social Psychology Flashcards
Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Bystander effect
Idea that we are all influenced by someone
Social influence
The tendency to modify our thoughts, behavior, and/or feelings to match those of others
Conformity
Tendency for a group to take a more extreme stance than originally held after deliberation and discussion
Group polarization
Compliance Technique: involves making a large request followed by a smaller request to increase the likelihood of the smaller request being accepted
Door-in-the-face
Relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and responses one has toward people, situations, ideas and things
Attitudes
Diminished sense of personal responsibility, inhibition, or adherence to social norms that occurs when group members are not treated as individuals
Deindividuation
Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup
Outgroup
Study of human relationships, including how and why people behave in different settings
Social Psychology
Reason for conforming: group has power when one is trying to gain group approval or avoid group rejection (hazing)
Normative Social Influence
Attitude composition: beliefs about object, person, or situation
Cognitive aspects
Attitude composition: mood or emotion, emotional evaluation
Affective aspects
While prejudice does work at the conscious level, it more often impacts our thinking and behavior at the unconscious level due to this phenomenon
Reign of Prejudice
Compliance Technique: involves making an initial offer that’s more favorable than the final terms, with the goal of getting someone to comply
Lowball technique
considers internal factors (person is driving bad because they are a “Crazy Driver!”)
Dispositional Attribution
When persuasion occurs by thinking about less important characteristics of a situation (pathos or humor)
Peripheral route
Compliance Technique: involves asking someone to complete a small task before asking them to complete a larger task
Foot-in-the-door
Error in Attribution: We tend to attribute our successes to internal characteristics, and our failures to external characteristics
Self-Serving Bias
Reason for conforming: group has power if one thinks the group has information the individual does not have (Revenge of the Sith)
Informational Social Influence
Error in Attribution: Observer tends to assume the actor is behaving similarly to how they would act in that situations
False consensus effect
Error in Attribution: Observer tend to think actor’s behavior is caused by internal characteristics, ignoring the role of the situation
Fundamental Attribution Error
Proposes that persuasion hinges on the way people think about an argument or choice
Elaboration likelihood model
Compliance Technique: describes how people tend to prefer things they are familiar with
Mere repetition (exposure) effect
When persuasion occurs by deeply thinking about the logic and factual information presented to you
Central route
Attitude composition: feelings and beliefs guide behavior
Behavioral aspects
considers external factors (person is driving bad because “maybe they are ill”)
Situational Attribution
Tendency for groups to recommend uncertain and risky options
Risky shift
People comply to social pressures. This occurs when they follow outright commands.
Obedience
The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually. (usually occurs when someone thinks they are bad at something)
Social loafing
Changes in behavior at the request or direction of another person or group, who in general does not have any true authority
Compliance
People perform better on some tasks in the presence of others (usually things they are already good at)
Social facilitation
simply called “prejudgment”, occurs when someone solely judges another based on group membership
Prejudice
Error in Attribution: Observer tends to think people get what they deserve.
Just-World Hypothesis
When our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
cognitive dissonance
The decision making process for the bystander
Bystander Intervention
Beliefs one develops to explain human behaviors, characteristics, and situations
Attributions
The way people think about others, attend to social information, and use this information in their lives, both consciously and unconsciously
Social cognition
The tendency to favor one’s own group
Ingroup bias
People with whom one shares a common identity
Ingroup
Once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is this
Physical Appearance/Attraction
3 Components of Prejudice
Beliefs, Emotions, Predisposition to act
