Chapter 10 - Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine Glands Definition
Hormones Definition
Chemical messenger that is secreted by one cell, and travels to another cell and affects other TARGET CELLS that have the correct RECEPTOR
Receptor Definition
Target Cells Definition
Have receptors that bind the hormones
Non-target Cells Definition
Do not have receptors and are unaffected by hormone
Pancreatic Islets Definition
Negative Feedback Definition
Water soluble Definition
Bind to a receptor on the SURFACE of the TARGET cell
Binding of the hormone epinephrine to the receptor triggers the formation of SECONDARY MESSENGER (cAMP)
Which triggers cascade of events, ending in cellular activity
(breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
The receptor is on PLASMA MEMBRANE
Hydrophilic Definition
Lipid Soluble Definition
Hormone ENTER the TARGET cell, can passs freely through plasma membrane
Inside, hormone BINDS to a receptor
{Steroid is a lipid soluble hormone}
Hormone receptor BINDS to DNA in NUCLEUS and activates TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to make mRNA
mRNA LEAVES nucleus , binds to ribosome and is TRANSLATED to make proteins
Hydrophobic Definition
Secondary Messenger Definition
Transcription Definition
Translation Definition
Produce Definition
Release Definition
Dilute Definition
Concentrated Definiton
Deficient Definition
Sufficient Definition
Synthesis Definition
Reabsorption Definition
Inhibit Definition
Stimulate Definition
There is a work sheet for this look at it
Endocrine System Definition
It releases hormones which travel through the body (usually the blood stream) to target cells
Difference between Hormones and Neurotransmitters
Similar : Endocrine system and Nervous system both are controlled by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Different: Work together to maintain homeostasis but
Neurotransmitters :
Located in nerve synapse
Quick to act
Taken away quickly
Hormones:
Distribute throughout the body in blood stream
Slow to act
Remain longer in the body
Types of Hormones
(2)
Water soluble (hydrophilic) & Lipid Soluble (hydrophobic)
Amino Acid Homeone
single amino acid (epinephrine)
polypeptides {chain of amino acids}- human growth hormone
Endrocrine glands and organs that secrete hormones
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pineal
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Heart
Placenta
Stomach
Intestines
Kidneys
Hypothalamus Definition
Regulates internal enviornment through AUTONOMIC nervous system
Function:
Hypothalamus Definition
Regulates internal enviornment through AUTONOMIC nervous system
AND controls glandular secretions of the PITUITARY GLAND
Function:
* Helps control heartbeat.
* Helps control body temperature.
* Helps control water balance.
Produces:
1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Oxytocin
3. Hormones that control the pituitary
(Hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-
inhibiting Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Definition
Function:
* Regulates water reabsorption
in the kidneys (H2O is returned to the
bloodstream).
Target: Kidneys
Oxytocin Definition
Function: stimulates uterine contraction
during childbirth and milk release (ejecting
milk from the glands).
Target: Uterus and mammary glands
Pitocin: Synthetic form or OT, given to induce
labor
Hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary
Hormones control when the anterior pituitary gland releases its hormones
Anterior Pituitary Gland Definition
The gland produces :
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Gonadotropic hormones – (FSH and LH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Growth hormone (GH)
Releases the hormones it has produces after receiving from the hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary Gland Definition
Receives ADH and Oxytocin from HYPOTHALAMUS,
storing hormones and releasing them
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Definition
Function: stimulates the thyroid gland to
produce thyroxine.
TSH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary
Target: Thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Defenition
Function: stimulates the adrenal cortex
to produce cortisol.
ACTH is produced by the Anterior
Pituitary
Target: adrenal cortex
Gonadotropic Hormones Definition
Stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and hormones
-FSH
-LH
Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH) Definition
Stimulates gamete development in males and females
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Definition
Stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males
Prolactin (PRL) Definition
Function: causes mammary glands to
develop and produce milk.
PRL is produced by the Anterior Pituitary
Target: Mammary glands
Prolactin (PRL) Definition
Function: causes mammary glands to
develop and produce milk.
PRL is produced by the Anterior Pituitary
Target: Mammary glands
Growth Hormone (GH) Definition
Function: promotes skeletal and
muscular growth.
GH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary
Target: Bones, muscles, and cartilage
Thyroid Gland Definition
Large gland located below the larynx
Requires iodine to make hormones
Produces:
1. Thyroid Hormones:
Example: Thyroxine
- Calcitonin – calcium regulation
Calcitonin Definition
Regulates calcium levels in bone and blood
Lowers blood calcium level by putting calcium into bone and telling the kidneys to release more calcium into the urine
Target: Bone and kidneys
Thyroxine Definition
Regulates metabolism by stimulating protein synthesis, breakdown of lipids, and use of glucose for the production of ATP
Target: Most cells in the body
Parathyroid Gland Definition
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH increases blood calcium levels by:
-Removing calcium from the bone
-Increasing calcium absorption from
intestines
-Decreasing the calcium excreted from the
kidneys
Target: bone, kidney, intestine
Adrenal Glands Definition
Sit on top of the kidneys
Two parts :
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal Medulla Definition
Controlled by nerves from hypothalamus
Adrenal Cortex Definition
Controlled by ACTH (hormone) secreted by anterior pituitary gland
Epinephrine (part of adrenal medulla) Definition
Prepares body for quick action “fight or flight”/short-term response to stress
Effects: Increases blood pressure, increases heart rate, and increases blood glucose levels
Mineralocorticoids Definition (part of the adrenal cortex)
Example:aldosterone
Reabsorption of water by kidneys, reducing amount of water released in urine
Increases blood pressure
Target: Kidneys
Glucocorticoids Definition (part of adrenal cortex)
Example: Cortisol
Affects glucose homeostasis
Acts on the LIVER to promote the conversion of fat and protein into intermediate substances to the body cells
Inhibit the inflammatory response
Aids in allowing us to survive stress
Glucagon Definition (In the pancreas)
Raises blood glucose levels of the blood
Target: Liver - by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and to form glucose from lactic acid
Insulin Definition (In pancreas)
Lowers blood glucose levels of the blood
Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle cells, white blood cells, and connective tissue cells
Liver: inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids into glucose
Adipose Tissue Definition
Stimulates formation of triglycerides from glucose
Testosterone Definition (Gonads)
-During development, testosterone is stimulates
growth of male reproductive organs
- Responsible for male secondary sex
characteristics.
- Prompts larynx & vocal cords to enlarge.
- Responsible for muscular strength of males.
- Promotes sperm production
Estrogen and progesterone Definition (Gonads)
Effects:
- During development, stimulates growth of female
reproductive organs
- Responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
- Necessary for egg maturation.
- Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles
Pineal Gland Definition
Located in the brain.
-Secretes the hormone: melatonin
- Involved in our daily sleep-wake
cycle. (circadian rhythms)
- Regulates sexual development.
- May play a role SAD – seasonal affect
disorde
Kidneys and what they release
Erythropoietin – stimulates the bone marrow
to produce more red blood cells
Renin – through a series of reactions,
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone which increase blood pressure
