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Biology > Chapter 10 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine Glands Definition

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2
Q

Hormones Definition

A

Chemical messenger that is secreted by one cell, and travels to another cell and affects other TARGET CELLS that have the correct RECEPTOR

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3
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Receptor Definition

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4
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Target Cells Definition

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Have receptors that bind the hormones

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5
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Non-target Cells Definition

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Do not have receptors and are unaffected by hormone

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6
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Pancreatic Islets Definition

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7
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Negative Feedback Definition

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8
Q

Water soluble Definition

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Bind to a receptor on the SURFACE of the TARGET cell

Binding of the hormone epinephrine to the receptor triggers the formation of SECONDARY MESSENGER (cAMP)

Which triggers cascade of events, ending in cellular activity
(breakdown of glycogen to glucose)

The receptor is on PLASMA MEMBRANE

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9
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Hydrophilic Definition

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10
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Lipid Soluble Definition

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Hormone ENTER the TARGET cell, can passs freely through plasma membrane

Inside, hormone BINDS to a receptor

{Steroid is a lipid soluble hormone}

Hormone receptor BINDS to DNA in NUCLEUS and activates TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to make mRNA

mRNA LEAVES nucleus , binds to ribosome and is TRANSLATED to make proteins

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11
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Hydrophobic Definition

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12
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Secondary Messenger Definition

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13
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Transcription Definition

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14
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Translation Definition

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15
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Produce Definition

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16
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Release Definition

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17
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Dilute Definition

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18
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Concentrated Definiton

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19
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Deficient Definition

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20
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Sufficient Definition

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21
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Synthesis Definition

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22
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Reabsorption Definition

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23
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Inhibit Definition

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24
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Stimulate Definition

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25
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26
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There is a work sheet for this look at it

A
27
Q

Endocrine System Definition

A

It releases hormones which travel through the body (usually the blood stream) to target cells

28
Q

Difference between Hormones and Neurotransmitters

A

Similar : Endocrine system and Nervous system both are controlled by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Different: Work together to maintain homeostasis but

Neurotransmitters :
Located in nerve synapse
Quick to act
Taken away quickly

Hormones:
Distribute throughout the body in blood stream
Slow to act
Remain longer in the body

29
Q

Types of Hormones
(2)

A

Water soluble (hydrophilic) & Lipid Soluble (hydrophobic)

30
Q

Amino Acid Homeone

A

single amino acid (epinephrine)

polypeptides {chain of amino acids}- human growth hormone

31
Q

Endrocrine glands and organs that secrete hormones

A

 Pituitary
 Thyroid
 Parathyroid
 Adrenals
 Pineal
 Hypothalamus
 Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
 Heart
 Placenta
 Stomach
 Intestines
 Kidneys

32
Q

Hypothalamus Definition

A

Regulates internal enviornment through AUTONOMIC nervous system

Function:

33
Q

Hypothalamus Definition

A

Regulates internal enviornment through AUTONOMIC nervous system

AND controls glandular secretions of the PITUITARY GLAND

Function:
* Helps control heartbeat.
* Helps control body temperature.
* Helps control water balance.

Produces:
1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Oxytocin
3. Hormones that control the pituitary
(Hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-
inhibiting Hormones

34
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Definition

A

Function:
* Regulates water reabsorption
in the kidneys (H2O is returned to the
bloodstream).

Target: Kidneys

35
Q

Oxytocin Definition

A

Function: stimulates uterine contraction
during childbirth and milk release (ejecting
milk from the glands).

Target: Uterus and mammary glands

Pitocin: Synthetic form or OT, given to induce
labor

36
Q

Hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary

A

Hormones control when the anterior pituitary gland releases its hormones

37
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland Definition

A

The gland produces :
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

  1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  2. Gonadotropic hormones – (FSH and LH)
  3. Prolactin (PRL)
  4. Growth hormone (GH)

Releases the hormones it has produces after receiving from the hypothalamus

38
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland Definition

A

Receives ADH and Oxytocin from HYPOTHALAMUS,
storing hormones and releasing them

39
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Definition

A

Function: stimulates the thyroid gland to
produce thyroxine.

TSH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary

Target: Thyroid gland

40
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Defenition

A

Function: stimulates the adrenal cortex
to produce cortisol.

ACTH is produced by the Anterior
Pituitary

Target: adrenal cortex

41
Q

Gonadotropic Hormones Definition

A

Stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and hormones

-FSH
-LH

42
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH) Definition

A

Stimulates gamete development in males and females

43
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Definition

A

Stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males

44
Q

Prolactin (PRL) Definition

A

Function: causes mammary glands to
develop and produce milk.

PRL is produced by the Anterior Pituitary

Target: Mammary glands

45
Q

Prolactin (PRL) Definition

A

Function: causes mammary glands to
develop and produce milk.

PRL is produced by the Anterior Pituitary

Target: Mammary glands

46
Q

Growth Hormone (GH) Definition

A

Function: promotes skeletal and
muscular growth.

GH is produced by the Anterior Pituitary

Target: Bones, muscles, and cartilage

47
Q

Thyroid Gland Definition

A

Large gland located below the larynx

Requires iodine to make hormones

Produces:
1. Thyroid Hormones:
Example: Thyroxine

  1. Calcitonin – calcium regulation
48
Q

Calcitonin Definition

A

Regulates calcium levels in bone and blood

Lowers blood calcium level by putting calcium into bone and telling the kidneys to release more calcium into the urine

Target: Bone and kidneys

49
Q

Thyroxine Definition

A

Regulates metabolism by stimulating protein synthesis, breakdown of lipids, and use of glucose for the production of ATP

Target: Most cells in the body

50
Q

Parathyroid Gland Definition

A

Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH increases blood calcium levels by:
-Removing calcium from the bone
-Increasing calcium absorption from
intestines
-Decreasing the calcium excreted from the
kidneys

Target: bone, kidney, intestine

51
Q

Adrenal Glands Definition

A

Sit on top of the kidneys

Two parts :
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex

52
Q

Adrenal Medulla Definition

A

Controlled by nerves from hypothalamus

53
Q

Adrenal Cortex Definition

A

Controlled by ACTH (hormone) secreted by anterior pituitary gland

54
Q

Epinephrine (part of adrenal medulla) Definition

A

Prepares body for quick action “fight or flight”/short-term response to stress

Effects: Increases blood pressure, increases heart rate, and increases blood glucose levels

55
Q

Mineralocorticoids Definition (part of the adrenal cortex)

A

Example:aldosterone

Reabsorption of water by kidneys, reducing amount of water released in urine

Increases blood pressure

Target: Kidneys

56
Q

Glucocorticoids Definition (part of adrenal cortex)

A

Example: Cortisol

Affects glucose homeostasis

Acts on the LIVER to promote the conversion of fat and protein into intermediate substances to the body cells

Inhibit the inflammatory response

Aids in allowing us to survive stress

57
Q

Glucagon Definition (In the pancreas)

A

Raises blood glucose levels of the blood

Target: Liver - by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and to form glucose from lactic acid

58
Q

Insulin Definition (In pancreas)

A

Lowers blood glucose levels of the blood

Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle cells, white blood cells, and connective tissue cells

Liver: inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids into glucose

59
Q

Adipose Tissue Definition

A

Stimulates formation of triglycerides from glucose

60
Q

Testosterone Definition (Gonads)

A

-During development, testosterone is stimulates
growth of male reproductive organs
- Responsible for male secondary sex
characteristics.
- Prompts larynx & vocal cords to enlarge.
- Responsible for muscular strength of males.
- Promotes sperm production

61
Q

Estrogen and progesterone Definition (Gonads)

A

Effects:
- During development, stimulates growth of female
reproductive organs
- Responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
- Necessary for egg maturation.
- Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles

62
Q

Pineal Gland Definition

A

Located in the brain.
-Secretes the hormone: melatonin
- Involved in our daily sleep-wake
cycle. (circadian rhythms)
- Regulates sexual development.
- May play a role SAD – seasonal affect
disorde

63
Q

Kidneys and what they release

A

Erythropoietin – stimulates the bone marrow
to produce more red blood cells

Renin – through a series of reactions,
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone which increase blood pressure

Biology (22 decks)

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