Chapter 10: Central Nervous System, Spinal & Cranial Nerves Flashcards
A cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies
Posterior root ganglion
A simple, fast, predictable automatic response to help protect the body
Reflex arc
Bones of the spine that enclose and protect the spinal cord
Vertebrae
In a reflex arc, the muscle or gland that responds with an action
Effector
A group of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves that branch off the lower end of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
The innermost layer of the meninges that is attached to the brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
Structure that responds to some environmental change and initiates a sensory impulse
Receptor
Opening that runs lengthwise through the spinal cord; CSF circulates through it
Central canal
Lymphatic fluid-filled space between the arachnoid and dura mater
Subdural space
Reflex arc structure that transmits the impulse to a muscle or gland
Motor neuron
At a synapse, the neuron that is sending the action potential is
Presynaptic
This lines the cavities of the brain in the CNS
Ependymal cells
The synaptic cleft is the space that a ________ crosses to initiate a response in a post synaptic neuron
Neurotransmitter
Name characteristics that would increases the speed of nerve transmission
- ) Warmer temperature
- ) Larger diameter
- ) Has myelin
The body’s natural painkiller is
Endorphins
A neurotransmitter that helps regulate moods is
Serotonin
Sacs in which the neurotransmitter is stored
Synaptic vessicle
Substances used for communications at chemical synapses
Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter must cross the ______ to initiate an impulse in a postsynaptic neuron
Synaptic cleft
MS is more common in
Women
Membrane where inner and outer surfaces have equal amounts of electrical charge
Depolarized
Membrane where inner an outer surfaces have unequal amounts of electrical charge
Polarized
Time during which a neuron can’t be stimulated to initiate an impulse
Refractory period
Ions found in high concentration inside the plasma membrane
K+
Ions found in high concentration outside the plasma membrane
Na+
The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a plasma membrane
Resting potential (-70mV)
The mechanism by which ions are moved through the plasma membrane from lesser to greater concentration
Sodium pump
Matter within the spinal cord shaped like the letter “H”
Gray matter
Fat-filled space between the vertebrae and dura mater
Epidural space
Reflex arc structure that passes the impulse from the receptor to the CNS
Sensory neuron
Part of the spinal nerve containing sensory nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the spinal cord
Posterior root
Part of the spinal nerve containing motor neurons carrying impulses away from the spinal cord
Anterior root
Tough outermost layer of the meninges
Dura mater
Space between the arachnoid and pia mater; contains CSF
Subarachnoid space
Filament that anchors the inferior portion of the spinal cord
Filum terminale
Region in the CNS that connects the sensory and motor portions of the reflex arc
Integrating center
Cone-shaped tip of the spinal cord
Conus medullaris
Three connective tissue membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
Tracts of white matter that run up and down the spinal cord
Columns
Cobweb-like middle layer of the meninges
Arachnoid
Area in the precentral gryus of the frontal lobe, controls specific muscles or groups of muscles
Primary motor area
Area in the occipital lobe, permits vision
Primary visual area
Area in the temporal lobe, permits hearing
Primary auditory area
Cerebral area that controls smell
Primary olfactory
Area in the frontal lobe, translates thoughts into speech
Broca’s speech area
Postcentral gyrus area, receives sensations of pain, touch, pressure, and temperature
Primary somatosensory area
Cerebral area that integrates general and special sensations to form a common thought
Common integrative
The color of cerebrospinal fluid
Clear, colorless
The entire nervous system contains between 1/3-2/3 cup of CSF or about _____ mL
80-150 mL
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid
- ) shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord
- ) contains white blood cells
- ) contains nutrients
Cranial Nerve X: main nerve of parasympathetic nervous system; senses and controls internal organs
Vagus
Cranial Nerve I: Sense of smell
Olfactory
Cranial Nerve XII: proprioception and tongue movement
Hypoglossal
Cranial Nerve IX: swallowing; taste; sensation from tongue
Glossopharynxgeal
Cranial Nerve V: chewing, facial sensation
Trigeminal
Cranial Nerve VI: proprioception and eyeball movement
Abducens
Cranial Nerve VII: taste and facial expressions
Facial
Cranial Nerve III: control of eyes lens and pupil
Oculomotor
Cranial Nerve VIII: hearing and equilibrium
Vestibulocochlear
Cranial Nerve IV: proprioception and eyeball movement
Trochlear
Cranial Nerve II: Vision
Optic
Cranial Nerve XI: swallowing, head and shoulder movement
Accessory
Relative to the human brain, the sheep brain is ____ overall, it’s olfactory bulbs are ______, and it’s cerebrum is _______.
Smaller, larger, smaller.
CSF is formed by _____ and secretion from blood in capillaries called ______; cells that form it are known as _____.
Filtration, choroid plexuses, ependymal cells.
Type of impulses relayed and interpreted by the thalamus
Sensory and motor
Functions of the lambic system
- ) pleasure, pain, anger, fear ect.
- ) involuntary aspects of survival behavior
- ) memory
Condition that results from an excessive accumulation of CSF within the ventricles
Hydrocephalus
Type of reflexes that the corpora quadrigemina is concerned with
Visual and auditory
At rest, the brain consumes about ____ percent of the body’s total oxygen
20%
The structure that acts as a bridge connecting the spinal cord and medulla to upper portions of the brain
Pons
The medulla serves as a conduction pathway for all ascending and descending tracts. What type of impulses are transmitted by its white matter?
Motor and sensory
Brain center that regulates the heart and diameter of blood vessels
Cardiovascular
Movements of your left hand are initiated by motor neurons that originate in the ____ side of your cerebrum
Right
Brain cavities where cerebrospinal fluid circulates
Ventricles
Band of white matter that connects the two halves of the cerebrum
Carpus callosum
The part of your brain stimulated by your ringing alarm clock
Reticular activation system
The outer layer of the cerebrum
Cortex
Part of the brain that coordinates walking, balance, and the ability to speak understandably
Cerebellum
The outer layer of the cerebrum is composed of ___ matter
Gray
Ridges that make up the surface of the cerebrum
Gyri
Functions of the hypothalamus
- ) smell
- ) controls nervous system
- ) controls pituitary gland
- ) regulates emotion and food intake