CHapter 10 Flashcards
Larger a cell becomes the
more demands cell places on its DNA
As cell size increases
it’s volume grows faster than surface area
Increased cell size causes
decreased amount of cell membrane
Ratio of surface area to volume
decreases as cell gets larger
Process by which a cell divides into 2new daughter cells-reduces cell volume
cell division
Before cell division occurs…
DNA mustbe copied or replicated first
Produces genetically identical organisms
occurs in many single celled organisms
allows rapid reproduction of organisms
Asexual Reproduction
the production of new organisms by combination of genetic information
Sexual Reproduction
Genetic info is bundled into packages of DNA called
chromosomes
Genetic info that is passed on from 1 generation of cells to the next
chromosomes
What makes it possible to separate DNA precisely during division
chromosomes
Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Cell Cycle
Consists of a Single circular strand of DNA
Prokaryotic chromosome
Are highly organized structures
Eukaryotic chromosomes
The DNA winds around histone proteins, forming
Chromatin
In the Prokaryotic cell cyle
the cell grows, duplicates its DNA and divide by pinching in the cell membrane.
Eukaryotic cell cycle has ________ stages( the first 3 which is referred to as________
4 interphase
Eukaryotic cell cycle
G, S, G2 and M
In the G phase
the cell grows
in the s phase
the cell replicates its DNA
In the G2 phase
the cell produces organelles and materials for division
In the M phase
the cell divides in 2 stages -mitosis and cytokinesis
Interphase
period of growth and cell then prepares for division
M phase is 4 stages
prophase
interphase
anaphase
telophase
genetic material in nucleolus condenses and duplicated chromosomes become visible (outside nuclous, spindle starts to form)
Phophase
proteins that stimulate growth/divison of cells signals
growth factors
Programmed cell death (key role in shaping structure of tissue/organs removes old damage cells
Apoptosis
cancer
bodys cells loose ability to control growth-disease or lack of homeostasis of cell cycle
cancer cells
do not respond to signals that regulate growth and divide uncontrollably
tumor that does not spread to rest of body
benign
tumor that spreads and invades healthy tissues
malignant
malignant skin cell cancer (heavy exposure to sun uv light)
carcinoma
Developmental stage from which an organism is gradually produced-begin as 1 cell
embryo
cells become specialized
Differentiation
During differentiation, cells turn
into various types
Adults reach point in which differentiation is
complete
fertilized cell between 1 egg nd 1 sperm
Zygote 23+23=46
unspecified cells from which differentiated cells develop
found in embryo
stem cells
proteins that regulate the timing of cell cycle in eukaryotic
cyclins
a fertilized egg and the first few cells in an embryo are able to form many kind of cell and tissue. Such a cell is termed
totipotent
AN embryonic stage that consists of a hollow ball of cells. These cells are able to become any type of body cell
blastocyst
adult stem cells are
multipotent
