Chapter 10 Flashcards
Negative Reinforcement
Stimuli whose removal increases the strength of the response
Aversive stimuli
* Negative reinforcer – removal increases the strength of the response
* Positive punisher – presentation decreases the strength of the response
Unconditioned stimuli (SR-
* Shock, intense light, noise, foul odors, physical attacks (hitting)
Conditioned stimuli (Sr-
* Threats, fines, bad grades, frowns, and insults
* Sirens, horns (safety signals)
Escape behaviour
negative reinforcer vs escape response
Avoidance Diagram
2 parts: Escape + Avoidance
- Escape – removal of negative reinforcer
- Avoidance – prevention of further negative reinforcers
Maintains the cycle
* HARD to extinguish because of intermittent
reinforcement
Phobias and
Negative Reinforcement
When a neutral stimulus is paired with an intense aversive
stimulus
* Avoid the aversive stimulus
* Highly resistant to extinction
* Learned after even only a single pairing with aversive stimulus
* Sometimes generalizes to other components of the stimulus
* Becomes functionally impairing
some triggers: sight, smell, imagination, sound, taste
Accidental
Removal of
Reinforcement:
Activity
Superstitions
* Accidently linked a response and removal of a
stimulus (non-contingent)
* Removal of a negative reinforcer – not
followed by anticipated events
* Even one trial learning
* Hard to extinguish
* Ladders, black cats, stepping on cracks
* Can develop into Obsessive/Compulsive
behaviours
Maintenance
of Fear
Diagram
Child Maltreatment
Paradigm
A negative reinforcement/punishment paradigm
Parents are negatively reinforced
* The child’s aversive behaviour temporarily
ceases when they maltreat them
Children are positively punished
* An aversive stimuli is applied that decreases the
strength of that response
Couples/Family Therapy Goals
* Increase use of positive reinforcers
* Provide alternative tools for negative reinforcers