Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Stimuli whose removal increases the strength of the response
Aversive stimuli
* Negative reinforcer – removal increases the strength of the response
* Positive punisher – presentation decreases the strength of the response
Unconditioned stimuli (SR-
* Shock, intense light, noise, foul odors, physical attacks (hitting)
Conditioned stimuli (Sr-
* Threats, fines, bad grades, frowns, and insults
* Sirens, horns (safety signals)

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2
Q

Escape behaviour

A

negative reinforcer vs escape response

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3
Q

Avoidance Diagram

A

2 parts: Escape + Avoidance

  • Escape – removal of negative reinforcer
  • Avoidance – prevention of further negative reinforcers

Maintains the cycle
* HARD to extinguish because of intermittent
reinforcement

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4
Q

Phobias and
Negative Reinforcement

A

When a neutral stimulus is paired with an intense aversive
stimulus
* Avoid the aversive stimulus
* Highly resistant to extinction
* Learned after even only a single pairing with aversive stimulus
* Sometimes generalizes to other components of the stimulus
* Becomes functionally impairing

some triggers: sight, smell, imagination, sound, taste

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5
Q

Accidental
Removal of
Reinforcement:
Activity

A

Superstitions
* Accidently linked a response and removal of a
stimulus (non-contingent)
* Removal of a negative reinforcer – not
followed by anticipated events
* Even one trial learning
* Hard to extinguish
* Ladders, black cats, stepping on cracks
* Can develop into Obsessive/Compulsive
behaviours

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6
Q

Maintenance
of Fear

A

Diagram

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7
Q

Child Maltreatment
Paradigm

A

A negative reinforcement/punishment paradigm

Parents are negatively reinforced
* The child’s aversive behaviour temporarily
ceases when they maltreat them

Children are positively punished
* An aversive stimuli is applied that decreases the
strength of that response

Couples/Family Therapy Goals
* Increase use of positive reinforcers
* Provide alternative tools for negative reinforcers

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