Chapter 02.: Subject pronouns and the present tense. Flashcards
1
Q
What are the subject pronouns in Spanish?
A
yo (I)
tú (you, singular familiar)
él (he, it), ella (she, it), usted (you, singular formal)
nosotros (we), nosotras (exclusively feminine we)
vosotros (you, familiar plural) vosotras (you feminine fam. pl.)
ellos (they), ellas (fem. they), ustedes (you formal plural)
2
Q
Are there any special rules about personal subject pronouns in Spanish.
A
Yes. Because the ending of the verb usually makes the subject clear, it obviates the need for subject pronouns. Use them only for emphasis or to avoid confusion.
3
Q
Conjugate “comprar” (to buy) in the present tense. This is the paradigm for regular 1st conjugation verbs in the present.
A
compro compras compra compramos compráis compran
4
Q
Conjugate “aprender” (to learn) in the present. This is the paradigm for regular 2nd conjugation verbs in the present.
A
aprendo aprendes aprende aprendemos aprendéis aprenden
5
Q
Conjugate “recibir” (to receive) in the present tense. This is the paradigm for regular 3rd conjugation verbs in the present.
A
recibo recibes recibe recibimos recibís reciben
6
Q
to step down
A
bajar
7
Q
to cook
A
cocinar
8
Q
to cook
A
cocinar
9
Q
to talk, converse
A
conversar
10
Q
to cooperate
A
cooperar
11
Q
to draw
A
dibujar
12
Q
to listen
A
escuchar
13
Q
to clean
A
limpiar
14
Q
to prepare
A
preparar
15
Q
to take out
A
sacar
16
Q
to add (up)
A
sumar
17
Q
to work
A
trabajar
18
Q
to drink
A
beber
19
Q
to eat
A
comer
20
Q
to understand, comprehend
A
comprender
21
Q
to run
A
correr
22
Q
to believe
A
creer
23
Q
to read
A
leer
24
Q
to answer
A
responder
25
to break
romper
26
to fear
temer
27
to share
compartir
28
to cover
cubrir
29
to decide
decidir
30
to discuss
discutir
31
to write
escribir
32
to distribute
repartir
33
to climb, go up
subir
34
to suffer
sufrir
35
to live
vivir
36
Now I -see- Anna.
| Louis -is arriving- at the gate.
Ahora -veo- a Ana.
Luís -llega- a la puerta.
(Use of the present for action happening now, often translate en. present progressive)
37
Usually, I -buy- fruit at the supermarket.
Normalmente, -compro- las frutas en el supermercado.
| Use of the present for habitual action
38
Tomorrow I -will discuss- the plan at the meeting.
| I -will travel- to Germany this summer.
Mañana -discuto- el plan con ustedes en la reunión.
Este verano, -viajo- a Alemania.
Use of the present for action in the near future.
39
- Do- you -drink- coffee or tea?
- Shall- I -open- the door?
- Do- we -buy- the house?
¿-Bebes- café o té?
¿-Abro- la puerta?
¿-Compramos- la casa?
Use of the present in questions.
40
at noon
al mediodía
41
from time to time
de vez en cuando
42
on Monday, on Tuesday, etc.
el lunes, el martes, etc.
43
this week
esta semana
44
this month
este mes
45
today
hoy
46
on Mondays, on Tuesdays, etc.
los lunes, los martes, etc.
47
never
nunca
48
in the morning/this morning
por la mañana
49
in the evening/at night
por la noche
50
in the afternoon
por la tarde
51
always
siempre
52
every day
todos los días
53
Five plus fifteen -is- twenty.
Cinco más quince -son- veinte.
The present for universal truths.
54
The first man -gets- to the moon in 1969.
En 1969 el primer hombre -llega- a la luna.
Historical present, to make the past more vivid.
55
If the train -arrives-, we leave.
Si -llega- el tren, salimos.
present for hypothetical actions.
56
He drew the gun and nearly -killed- me.
Sacó la pistola y casi me -mata-.
actions in the past with “casi” (almost), or “por poco” (nearly)
57
We -have been waiting- for an answer for three years. (#1.)
Hace tres años que -esperamos- una respuesta.
Action beginning in the past and continuing into the with “hace” + expression of time + “que” + present tense verb.
58
We -have been waiting- for an answer for three years. (#2)
-Esperamos- una repuesta desde hace tres años.
Action beginning in the past and continuing into the present with verb in the present tense + “desde hace” + expression of time.
59
to fit
caber (1st person sing.: quepo)
60
to fall
caer (1st pers. sing: caigo)
61
to give
dar (1st pers. sing.: doy)
62
to be (in a location, e.g.)
estar (1st pers. sing.: estoy)
63
to do, make
hacer (1st pers. sing.: hago)
64
to put
poner (1st pers. sing.: pongo)
65
to know (a fact, e.g.)
saber (1st pers. sing.: sé)
66
to leave
salir (1st pers. sing: salgo)
67
to bring
traer (1st pers. sing.: traigo)
68
to be worth
valer (1st pers. sing. valgo)
69
to see
ver (1st pers. sing.: veo)
70
to thank, be grateful
agradecer (yo agradezco)
71
to appear
aparecer (yo aparezco)
72
to please
complacer (yo complazco)
73
to grow
crecer (yo crezco)
74
to establish
establecer (yo establezco)
75
to deserve
merecer (yo merezco)
76
to offer
ofrecer (yo ofrezco)
77
to suffer (begins with p)
padecer (yo padezco)
78
to remain
permanecer (yo permanezco)
79
to belong
pertenecer (yo pertenezco)
80
to recognize
reconocer (yo reconozco)
81
to translate
traducir (yo traduzco)
82
to drive, lead (with a c)
conducir (yo conduzco)
83
to produce
producir (yo produzco)
84
conjugate “decir” (to say or tell) in the present tense
(irregular):
| digo, dices, dice, decimos decís, dicen
85
conjugate “ir” (to go) in the present tense.
irregular.
| voy, vas, va, vamos vais, van.
86
conjugate “oír” (to hear) in the present tense
irregular
| oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen
87
conjugate “ser” (to be, e.g. a doctor) in the present tense
irregular
| soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
88
conjugate “tener” (to have) in the present tense
irregular
| tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
89
conjugate “venir” (to come) in the present tense
irregular
| vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen
90
to contain
contener (irreg.: like tener)
91
to detain
detener (irreg.: like tener)
92
to maintain
mantener (irreg.: like tener)
93
to obtain
obtener (irreg.: like tener)
94
to retain
retener (irreg.: like tener)
95
sustain, hold
sostener (irreg.: like tener)
96
conjugate “coger” (to catch, grab, fuck) in the present tense
cojo, coges, coge, cogemos, cogéis, cogen.
consonant change in the 1st ps to keep the /x/ sound.
97
conjugate “exigir” (to demand, require) in the present tense
exijo, exiges, exige, exigimos, exigís, exigen
consonant change in 1st ps to maintain /x/ sound.
98
to shrink
encoger (conj like coger)
99
to choose (begins with es-)
escoger (conj. like coger)
100
to protect
proteger (conj. like coger)
101
to pick up
recoger (conj. like coger)
102
to direct
dirigir (conj. like exigir)
103
to prentend
fingir (conj. like exigir)
104
conjugate “distinguir” (to distinguish) in the present tense
distingo, distingues, distingue, distinguimos, distinguís, distinguen.
The “u” after each “g” is silent and simply serves to keep the /g/ sound before an “e” or “i.” Otherwise, it would add a /w/ sound, so it is dropped in the 1st ps.
105
to extinguish
extinguir (conj. like distinguir)
106
conjugate “convencer” (to convince) in the present tense
convenzo, convences, convence, convencemos, convencéis, convencen.
“z” in 1st ps to maintain /s/ or /θ/ sound
107
to practice (a profession)
ejercer (conj. like convencer)
108
to overcome
vencer (conj. like convencer)
109
conjugate “elegir” (to correct) in the present tense.
irregular
| elijo, eliges, elige, elegimos, elegís, eligen
110
conjugate “torcer” (to twist) in the present tense
irregular
| tuerzo, tuerces, tuerce, torcemos, torcéis, tuercen
111
expression for “to hug/to embrace”
dar un abrazo
112
expression for “to shout”
dar gritos
113
expression for “strike the hour”
dar la hora
114
expression for “to be necessary”
“hay que” + infinitive
115
expression for “to be sunny”
haber sol
116
expression for “to be foggy”
haber neblina
117
conjugate “haber” (roughly, “to have”) in the present tense
irregular
he, has, ha/hay, hemos, habéis, han
in the 3rd ps, use “ha” for compound tenses and “hay” for expressions and to mean “there is” or “there are”
118
to be hot
| to be cool
hacer calor
| hacer fresco
119
to be windy
hacer viento
120
to take a trip
hacer un viaje
121
to pay a visit
hacer una visita
122
expression for “to harm/to damage”
hacer daño
123
to notice/to pay attention (to)
hacer caso a
124
to play the role of
hacer el papel de
125
to have to (do something)
tener que + infinitive
126
to be cold
tener frío
127
to be hungry
tener hambre
128
expression for “to be afraid”
tener miedo
129
to be right
tener razón
130
to be thirsty
tener sed
131
to be in a hurry
tener prisa
132
to be to blame (for)
tener la culpa (de)
133
to take place
tener lugar
