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Spanish all-in-one > Chapter 02.: Subject pronouns and the present tense. > Flashcards

Chapter 02.: Subject pronouns and the present tense. Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the subject pronouns in Spanish?

A

yo (I)
tú (you, singular familiar)
él (he, it), ella (she, it), usted (you, singular formal)
nosotros (we), nosotras (exclusively feminine we)
vosotros (you, familiar plural) vosotras (you feminine fam. pl.)
ellos (they), ellas (fem. they), ustedes (you formal plural)

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2
Q

Are there any special rules about personal subject pronouns in Spanish.

A

Yes. Because the ending of the verb usually makes the subject clear, it obviates the need for subject pronouns. Use them only for emphasis or to avoid confusion.

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3
Q

Conjugate “comprar” (to buy) in the present tense. This is the paradigm for regular 1st conjugation verbs in the present.

A 
compro
compras
compra
compramos
compráis
compran
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4
Q

Conjugate “aprender” (to learn) in the present. This is the paradigm for regular 2nd conjugation verbs in the present.

A 
aprendo
aprendes
aprende
aprendemos
aprendéis
aprenden
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5
Q

Conjugate “recibir” (to receive) in the present tense. This is the paradigm for regular 3rd conjugation verbs in the present.

A 
recibo
recibes
recibe
recibimos
recibís
reciben
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6
Q

to step down

A

bajar

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7
Q

to cook

A

cocinar

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8
Q

to cook

A

cocinar

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9
Q

to talk, converse

A

conversar

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10
Q

to cooperate

A

cooperar

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11
Q

to draw

A

dibujar

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12
Q

to listen

A

escuchar

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13
Q

to clean

A

limpiar

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14
Q

to prepare

A

preparar

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15
Q

to take out

A

sacar

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16
Q

to add (up)

A

sumar

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17
Q

to work

A

trabajar

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18
Q

to drink

A

beber

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19
Q

to eat

A

comer

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20
Q

to understand, comprehend

A

comprender

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21
Q

to run

A

correr

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22
Q

to believe

A

creer

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23
Q

to read

A

leer

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24
Q

to answer

A

responder

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25
Q

to break

A

romper

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26
Q

to fear

A

temer

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27
Q

to share

A

compartir

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28
Q

to cover

A

cubrir

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29
Q

to decide

A

decidir

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30
Q

to discuss

A

discutir

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31
Q

to write

A

escribir

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32
Q

to distribute

A

repartir

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33
Q

to climb, go up

A

subir

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34
Q

to suffer

A

sufrir

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35
Q

to live

A

vivir

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36
Q

Now I -see- Anna.

Louis -is arriving- at the gate.

A

Ahora -veo- a Ana.
Luís -llega- a la puerta.

(Use of the present for action happening now, often translate en. present progressive)

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37
Q

Usually, I -buy- fruit at the supermarket.

A

Normalmente, -compro- las frutas en el supermercado.

Use of the present for habitual action

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38
Q

Tomorrow I -will discuss- the plan at the meeting.

I -will travel- to Germany this summer.

A

Mañana -discuto- el plan con ustedes en la reunión.
Este verano, -viajo- a Alemania.

Use of the present for action in the near future.

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39
Q
  • Do- you -drink- coffee or tea?
  • Shall- I -open- the door?
  • Do- we -buy- the house?
A

¿-Bebes- café o té?
¿-Abro- la puerta?
¿-Compramos- la casa?

Use of the present in questions.

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40
Q

at noon

A

al mediodía

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41
Q

from time to time

A

de vez en cuando

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42
Q

on Monday, on Tuesday, etc.

A

el lunes, el martes, etc.

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43
Q

this week

A

esta semana

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44
Q

this month

A

este mes

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45
Q

today

A

hoy

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46
Q

on Mondays, on Tuesdays, etc.

A

los lunes, los martes, etc.

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47
Q

never

A

nunca

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48
Q

in the morning/this morning

A

por la mañana

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49
Q

in the evening/at night

A

por la noche

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50
Q

in the afternoon

A

por la tarde

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51
Q

always

A

siempre

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52
Q

every day

A

todos los días

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53
Q

Five plus fifteen -is- twenty.

A

Cinco más quince -son- veinte.

The present for universal truths.

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54
Q

The first man -gets- to the moon in 1969.

A

En 1969 el primer hombre -llega- a la luna.

Historical present, to make the past more vivid.

55
Q

If the train -arrives-, we leave.

A

Si -llega- el tren, salimos.

present for hypothetical actions.

56
Q

He drew the gun and nearly -killed- me.

A

Sacó la pistola y casi me -mata-.

actions in the past with “casi” (almost), or “por poco” (nearly)

57
Q

We -have been waiting- for an answer for three years. (#1.)

A

Hace tres años que -esperamos- una respuesta.

Action beginning in the past and continuing into the with “hace” + expression of time + “que” + present tense verb.

58
Q

We -have been waiting- for an answer for three years. (#2)

A

-Esperamos- una repuesta desde hace tres años.

Action beginning in the past and continuing into the present with verb in the present tense + “desde hace” + expression of time.

59
Q

to fit

A

caber (1st person sing.: quepo)

60
Q

to fall

A

caer (1st pers. sing: caigo)

61
Q

to give

A

dar (1st pers. sing.: doy)

62
Q

to be (in a location, e.g.)

A

estar (1st pers. sing.: estoy)

63
Q

to do, make

A

hacer (1st pers. sing.: hago)

64
Q

to put

A

poner (1st pers. sing.: pongo)

65
Q

to know (a fact, e.g.)

A

saber (1st pers. sing.: sé)

66
Q

to leave

A

salir (1st pers. sing: salgo)

67
Q

to bring

A

traer (1st pers. sing.: traigo)

68
Q

to be worth

A

valer (1st pers. sing. valgo)

69
Q

to see

A

ver (1st pers. sing.: veo)

70
Q

to thank, be grateful

A

agradecer (yo agradezco)

71
Q

to appear

A

aparecer (yo aparezco)

72
Q

to please

A

complacer (yo complazco)

73
Q

to grow

A

crecer (yo crezco)

74
Q

to establish

A

establecer (yo establezco)

75
Q

to deserve

A

merecer (yo merezco)

76
Q

to offer

A

ofrecer (yo ofrezco)

77
Q

to suffer (begins with p)

A

padecer (yo padezco)

78
Q

to remain

A

permanecer (yo permanezco)

79
Q

to belong

A

pertenecer (yo pertenezco)

80
Q

to recognize

A

reconocer (yo reconozco)

81
Q

to translate

A

traducir (yo traduzco)

82
Q

to drive, lead (with a c)

A

conducir (yo conduzco)

83
Q

to produce

A

producir (yo produzco)

84
Q

conjugate “decir” (to say or tell) in the present tense

A

(irregular):

digo, dices, dice, decimos decís, dicen

85
Q

conjugate “ir” (to go) in the present tense.

A

irregular.

voy, vas, va, vamos vais, van.

86
Q

conjugate “oír” (to hear) in the present tense

A

irregular

oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen

87
Q

conjugate “ser” (to be, e.g. a doctor) in the present tense

A

irregular

soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

88
Q

conjugate “tener” (to have) in the present tense

A

irregular

tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen

89
Q

conjugate “venir” (to come) in the present tense

A

irregular

vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen

90
Q

to contain

A

contener (irreg.: like tener)

91
Q

to detain

A

detener (irreg.: like tener)

92
Q

to maintain

A

mantener (irreg.: like tener)

93
Q

to obtain

A

obtener (irreg.: like tener)

94
Q

to retain

A

retener (irreg.: like tener)

95
Q

sustain, hold

A

sostener (irreg.: like tener)

96
Q

conjugate “coger” (to catch, grab, fuck) in the present tense

A

cojo, coges, coge, cogemos, cogéis, cogen.

consonant change in the 1st ps to keep the /x/ sound.

97
Q

conjugate “exigir” (to demand, require) in the present tense

A

exijo, exiges, exige, exigimos, exigís, exigen

consonant change in 1st ps to maintain /x/ sound.

98
Q

to shrink

A

encoger (conj like coger)

99
Q

to choose (begins with es-)

A

escoger (conj. like coger)

100
Q

to protect

A

proteger (conj. like coger)

101
Q

to pick up

A

recoger (conj. like coger)

102
Q

to direct

A

dirigir (conj. like exigir)

103
Q

to prentend

A

fingir (conj. like exigir)

104
Q

conjugate “distinguir” (to distinguish) in the present tense

A

distingo, distingues, distingue, distinguimos, distinguís, distinguen.

The “u” after each “g” is silent and simply serves to keep the /g/ sound before an “e” or “i.” Otherwise, it would add a /w/ sound, so it is dropped in the 1st ps.

105
Q

to extinguish

A

extinguir (conj. like distinguir)

106
Q

conjugate “convencer” (to convince) in the present tense

A

convenzo, convences, convence, convencemos, convencéis, convencen.

“z” in 1st ps to maintain /s/ or /θ/ sound

107
Q

to practice (a profession)

A

ejercer (conj. like convencer)

108
Q

to overcome

A

vencer (conj. like convencer)

109
Q

conjugate “elegir” (to correct) in the present tense.

A

irregular

elijo, eliges, elige, elegimos, elegís, eligen

110
Q

conjugate “torcer” (to twist) in the present tense

A

irregular

tuerzo, tuerces, tuerce, torcemos, torcéis, tuercen

111
Q

expression for “to hug/to embrace”

A

dar un abrazo

112
Q

expression for “to shout”

A

dar gritos

113
Q

expression for “strike the hour”

A

dar la hora

114
Q

expression for “to be necessary”

A

“hay que” + infinitive

115
Q

expression for “to be sunny”

A

haber sol

116
Q

expression for “to be foggy”

A

haber neblina

117
Q

conjugate “haber” (roughly, “to have”) in the present tense

A

irregular
he, has, ha/hay, hemos, habéis, han

in the 3rd ps, use “ha” for compound tenses and “hay” for expressions and to mean “there is” or “there are”

118
Q

to be hot

to be cool

A

hacer calor

hacer fresco

119
Q

to be windy

A

hacer viento

120
Q

to take a trip

A

hacer un viaje

121
Q

to pay a visit

A

hacer una visita

122
Q

expression for “to harm/to damage”

A

hacer daño

123
Q

to notice/to pay attention (to)

A

hacer caso a

124
Q

to play the role of

A

hacer el papel de

125
Q

to have to (do something)

A

tener que + infinitive

126
Q

to be cold

A

tener frío

127
Q

to be hungry

A

tener hambre

128
Q

expression for “to be afraid”

A

tener miedo

129
Q

to be right

A

tener razón

130
Q

to be thirsty

A

tener sed

131
Q

to be in a hurry

A

tener prisa

132
Q

to be to blame (for)

A

tener la culpa (de)

133
Q

to take place

A

tener lugar

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