Chap 9 Quiz Flashcards
Fatty acids are components of
+ Neutral Lipids
+ Phospholipids
+ Eicosanoids
Fatty acids are ____ containing
Amphipathic; unbranched long-chain (hydrophobic) &
carboxylic (hydrophilic)
*even number of carbon atoms
Fatty acids are stored as ______ in
triacylglycerols; adipose (fat) tissue (used as energy storage)
Classifications of Fatty Acids
Saturated: no double bonds (solid)
Unsaturated: contains double bonds (liquid)
What group do we start from with omega
Start from the methyl group
Neutral Lipids defined
Fatty acids that do not have charged groups because the carboxylic acid is esterified
(In neutral lipids) when the carboxylic acid is esterified it becomes either
glycerol or cholesterol
Neutral Lipids can form
Monoacylglycerol (1 FA)
Diacylglycerol (2 FA)
Triacylglycerol (3 FA)
Organic acid + alcohol =
water and ester
Cholesteryl Esters Defined
Fatty acids esterified to cholesterol
(stored in the body as cholesterol reserve)
Waxes Defined
Hydrophobic, long-chain fatty acids esterified to a long-chain alcohol
Phospholipids Defined
Amphipathic lipid molecules that contain a phosphate moiety
Phospholipids are found in the ____ and are _____ components
lipid bilayer; structural
Phospholipids can be divided into
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingolipids
Glycerophospholipids Defined
Lipids that contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty acyl chains, and a phospho alcohol
Steroids Defined (hydrophobic)
Groups of lipids with diverse functions but a common skeleton consisting of four fused rings (ex. Hormones)
Steroid Hormones
Made and derived from cholesterol
Critical for sexual development, reproduction and regulation of mineral balance in higher organisms
Cholesterol: Common Steroid maintains
Maintains membrane fluidity
Cholesterol also functions by
+ Transport across the membrane
+ Diffusion of proteins within the membrane
+Membrane integrity
Bile Salts Defined
Detergents synthesized from cholesterol by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Acts as emulsifier
How do bile salts work
Used to solubilize dietary lipids in the small intestines; increases the surface area and facilitates the enzymatic degradation of lipids
Eicosanoids
(signaling molecules)
Molecules derived from 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids
(Regulating functions such as blood pressure, pain, inflammation, and labor and delivery)
Beta-Oxidation Defined
the breakdown of fatty acids
(each cycle shortens FA by 2 carbons)
(catabolic reaction)
Final products of beta-oxidation
Acteyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2
Beta-oxidation occurs in the
mitochondria
Activation of beta-oxidation occurs through
coupling to Coenzyme A to form acyl-CoA
- Regulation of Beta-oxidation
+Occurs through substrate availability
+Free fatty acids are increased and enter into the cell
+Also occurs through compartmentalization of substrate (cytoplasm and mitochondria)
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis requires_____ and is built from ____
input of energy; 2 carbon units
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis requires both
acetyl-CoA carboxylase and Fatty Acid Synthase
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
Enzyme that synthesizes malonyl-CoA and releases it into the cytosol
(found in endoplasmic reticulum)
Fatty Acid Synthase (anabolic - molecule is reduced)
Multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes seven enzymatic reactions
Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis
Active: ^Citrate, Acyl-CoA, ^Polymerization
Less Active: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-P
Ketone Bodies Defined
Small soluble molecules made in the liver in times of energetic scarcity
Ketone Bodies provide energy to
the brain when glucose is not available
Ketone bodies are synthesize
In the liver
Ketone bodies are broken down to
Acetyl CoA
Sphingophospholipids defined
Lipids that contain a sphingosine backbone 1 fatty acyl chain and a phosphoalcohol
What system moves active F.A. from cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
Carnitine Shuttle
Each round of B-oxidation of a saturated fatty acyl-CoA produces
1 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 acetyl-CoA
What are ketone bodies and role in the body
Soluble molecules used for energy when there is no glucose available (can give energy to the brain)
How does it use energy:
Adipose -
Muscle -
Adipose - stores energy
Muscle - uses energy
