Chap 6: Carbohydrates 1 Flashcards
Formula of carbohydrate
(C6H12O6)
Monosaccrharides
simplest carbohydrates (one sugar at least 3 carbons)
Classification is based on (Carbs)
+ Number of carbons
+ Presence of aldehyde or ketone
Aldehyde vs Ketones
Aldoses (At the end)
Ketoses (In the middle)
D and L form based on the hydroxyl group
D is on the right
L is on the left
Epimer
conformation when carbohydrates differ at one stereocenter
Glycosidic Bonds
the linkage that join monosaccharides to each other
Polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharides
Disaccharides &
Trisaccharides
Contain two monosaccharides & Contains three monosaccharides
Dietary Fiber
polysaccharides that cannot be digested because of the bond
Alpha vs Beta
Alpha: Carbon 6 and OH on opposite sides
Beta: Carbon 6 and OH on the same side
Lactose
galactose & glucose
(degraded by lactase)
Sucrose
glucose and fructose
(degraded by surcase)
Maltose
glucose and glucose
(degraded by maltase)
Amylose vs Amylopectin
Linear vs branched
(Amalyase doesn’t break alpha-1,6 bond in amylopectin)
Glycogen is
storage form of carbohydrates
Core of glycogen is
A protein: Glycogenin
Cellulose is
a structural polysaccharides (plant)
Metabolic Pathway
the process when a small molecule (a metabolite) is transformed into a different molecule through a series of enzymatic reactions
Metabolic Regulation
Genes can be upregulated or downregulated
Glycolysis (linear pathway)
Substrate: Glucose
Product: Pyruvate
Glycolysis: Glucose (6 carbons)
Two pyruvate
Reactions in glycolysis (anaerobic process)
+ Ten reactions total
+ Energy investment: 2 ATP in first 5 steps
+ Energy yielding
(Net Yield) Two ATP & 2 NADH/H+ produced
Regulation of Glycolysis
The regulation of glycolysis occurs at several points in the pathway and through a variety of mechanisms, including both post translational modification and allosteric regulation
Gluconeogenesis
+ produces glucose
+ six reactions
+ can be made from Pyruvate, lactate, glycerol and several amino acids
+ Requires six ATP
The five fates of pyruvate
+ Acetyl-CoA
+ Lactate
+ Oxaloacetate
+ Acetaldehyde
+ Alanine
