Chap 8: Carbohydrates 2

Question 1

Glycogenolysis Defined

Answer 1

the breakdown of glycogen

Question 2

Regulation of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis

Answer 2

PKA is the main regulator of both

Question 3

Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase work in

Answer 3

Opposition

Question 4

Phosphorylation determines whether the enzyme

Answer 4

Active or inactive

Question 5

Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis

Answer 5

Pathway that phosphorylate glycogen synthase will inactivate it

Question 6

Regulation of Glycogen Breakdown

Answer 6

Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by phosphorylation and deactivated by dephosphorylation

Question 7

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 7

+ Produces monosaccharides, NADPH and antioxidants

(Two phases: Oxidative and nonoxidative)

Question 8

Regulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 8

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated by levels of NADP+

Question 9

Glutathione and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 9

Glutathione is a tripeptide antioxidant that neutralizes reactive oxygen species

Question 10

Glycoproteins Defined

Answer 10

Glycoproteins are membrane-bound or extracellular proteins with some amount of carbohydrate modification

(carbs and protein)

Question 11

Glycolipids Defined

Answer 11

Glycolipids are membrane phospholipids with an attached carbohydrate moiety exposed to the external environment

(carbs and lipids)

Question 12

Examples of Glycolipids

Answer 12

+Lipopolysaccharides
+Glycosylphophatidylinositol (GPI)

+Cerebrosides

+Gangliosides

Question 13

Proteoglycans Defined

Answer 13

Proteoglycans are extensive mesh nets of polysaccharides joined to fibrous proteins

Question 14

Peptidoglycans Defined

Answer 14

Peptidoglycans are lengthy chains of polysaccharides cross-linked by peptides and found in bacterial cell walls

Question 15

Extracellular Matrix Defined

Answer 15

Extracellular matrix is a tissue made of proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans in a fibrous, gel-like mesh

Question 16

Collagen Synthesis requires

Answer 16

Vitamin C
(Proline hydroxylation is key to this process

Question 17

Elastin is

Answer 17

Responsible for the core of elastic fibers found in skin and arteries

Question 18

Fibronectin

Answer 18

Found in the extracellular matrix in a soluble form in the circulation

Question 19

Cell Culture Defined

Answer 19

Cell culture is a process in which cells are grown on a plastic tissue culture for researchers to study cells under different conditions

Question 20

What is glycogen

Answer 20

A stored form of glucose

Question 21

Glycogenesis Defined

Answer 21

Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen

Question 22

Components important for glycogenolysis

Answer 22

Glycogen phosphorylase &
Glycogen Debranching enzyme

Question 23

Phosphorylation determines

Answer 23

whether the enzyme is active or not

Question 24

Glycogen synthase works opposite to

Answer 24

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 25

Epimers

Answer 25

type of isomer that differ only in the stereochemistry about a single chiral center

Question 26

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated by

Answer 26

Levels of NADP+

Question 27

Glutathione is a tripeptide antioxidant that neutralizes

Answer 27

reactive oxygen species

Question 28

Peptidoglycans Defined

Answer 28

Peptidoglycans are lengthy chains of polysaccharides cross-linked by peptides and found in bacterial cell walls