Chap 7 SG

Question 1

Social process theories

Answer 1

criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, and that crime is a result of ongoing social processes

Question 2

Social development theories

Answer 2

focuses on how people learn to commit crimes through social interactions

Question 3

Learning theory

Answer 3

a person is likely to commit criminal activity if they are surrounded by others involved in criminal behaviors

Question 4

Differential association

Answer 4

criminality is learned through a process by exposure to others who communicate criminal values and advocate the commission of crimes

Question 5

Social control theory

Answer 5

explains how society influences people to act in certain ways, and how a lack of social connection can lead to criminal behavior

Question 6

Containment

Answer 6

is a stabilizing force that blocks the pull of temptation from leading a life of crime. Can be a suitable guardian or the voice in your head (outer/inner)

Question 7

Social bond

Answer 7

are the links created through individuals and the society we are part of

Question 8

General theory of crime (GTC)

Answer 8

Low self-control accounts for all crimes all the time.
• All crimes. So homicide, vandalism, statutory rape, embezzlement—all have the same cause

Question 9

Control ratio

Answer 9

is the amount of control a person is subjected to vs the amount of control you exert over others. This can help predict not only whether or not you will offend but also what offenses you’ll commit

Question 10

Labeling theory (social reaction theory)

Answer 10

A perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders

Question 11

Tagging

Answer 11

you offend and get caught you will be marked as the bad unredeemable human being by your peers

Question 12

Primary deviance

Answer 12

the first time someone commits an act of deviance, which is a behavior that goes against social norms

Question 13

Secondary deviance

Answer 13

when a person continues to act in a deviant way due to the labels society has given them

Question 14

Moral entrepreneurs

Answer 14

individuals, groups, or organizations that attempt to influence society to adopt or enforce a social norm

Question 15

Prosocial bonds

Answer 15

social connections that can discourage criminal activity

Question 16

Human development

Answer 16

Communities - why safe or not?
Schools - why do some have poor performance?
Peers - who are you hanging out with?
Families - what are their role models like?
Individual differences - what factors put kids at risk of anti-social behaviors?

Question 17

Social development perspective

Answer 17

4 dimensions:
Participation—those who are criminally active
Frequency—number of crimes committed per (unit of time)
Duration—length of your criminal career.
Seriousness—self-explanatory.

Question 18

Life-course criminology

Answer 18

a criminological theory that studies how criminal behavior develops over a person’s life

Question 19

Criminal career

Answer 19

the series of crimes committed by a person over time

Question 20

Life-course theory

Answer 20

a way to explain why some people are more likely to commit crimes. It focuses on how social structures and processes impact criminal behavior

Question 21

Human agency

Answer 21

a person’s capacity to act freely, make choices, and intentionally pursue a desired outcome

Question 22

Turning points

Answer 22

crucial life experiences that change behavior in a criminal career (natural disasters/COVID-19)

Question 23

Social capital

Answer 23

a theory that suggests that social networks and connections within a community can influence criminal behavior

Question 24

Life-course persistent offenders (LCPs)

Answer 24

are individuals who start committing crimes at a young age and continue to do so well into adulthood

Question 25

Adolescence-limited offenders

Answer 25

individuals who primarily engage in delinquent behavior during their teenage years, but typically desist from criminal activity as they transition into adulthood

Question 26

Persistence (persisters)

Answer 26

When people don’t age out of crime

Question 27

Desistence

Answer 27

is when they stop (it can be aided or unaided)

Question 28

Interactional theory

Answer 28

a sociological framework that explains how societal forces interact with deviant individuals to cause antisocial behavior

Question 29

What are the four components of the social bond?

Answer 29

-Attachment
-Commitment
-Involvement
-Belief

Question 30

How does a label affect a wrongly accused person?

Answer 30

It might turn them to a life of crime because of this new label and/or creates a bad self image

Question 31

What affects if someone is an adolescence-limited offender vs a life course persister?

Answer 31

life course persisters exhibiting early signs of delinquency that continue into adulthood, while adolescence-limited offenders are involved in criminal activity during their adolescence/teenage years

Question 32

What turning points in life have the biggest effects on delinquency?

Answer 32

work, marriage, and parenting