Chap 4 SG

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

refers to a
complete copy of the entire set of
your gene instructions

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

are made-up of DNA, and they carry
the blueprints for making
everything your body needs

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

are bundles of genes

Question 4

Genomics

Answer 4

a field of biology focused on studying all the DNA of an organism (DNA evidence, ABO blood typing, Nonhuman genetic material, Genetic theories of criminality, & Environmental factors)

Question 5

Neurotransmitters

Answer 5

are the chemicals that let electrical
impulses flow from one neuron to the next across nerve
synapses

Question 6

Allele

Answer 6

The variation of a gene

Question 7

Heritability

Answer 7

the proportion of a variation in traits within a group of people that can be attributed to variations in their genes rather than environmental factors

Question 8

Gene expression

Answer 8

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

Question 9

Genetic memory

Answer 9

refers to the idea that certain memories, knowledge, or traits can be inherited or passed down from one generation to the next (ancestral memory)

Question 10

Neurocriminology

Answer 10

seeks to apply techniques and principles from neuroscience to improve our understanding of crime, to predict crime and ultimately to prevent crime

Question 11

Neuroplasty

Answer 11

a surgical procedure that involves repairing or reconstructing damaged nerves in the body

Question 12

Hypoglycemia

Answer 12

the official term for low blood sugar

Question 13

Prenatal substance exposure

Answer 13

things like marijuana, tobacco smoke, and alcohol also seem to be
significant related to increased hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, increased delinquency, and
externalizing problems

Question 14

Psychobiotics

Answer 14

the link between gut bacteria and
your brain

Question 15

GSR - Galvinic Skin Response

Answer 15

We can use these readings to measure stress and other environmental stimuli (It is also known as skin conductivity)

Question 16

Testosterone

Answer 16

The primary male sex hormone in men - linked to aggression and seems to be linked to the propensity towards violence among men

Question 17

Serotonin

Answer 17

a hormone that’s linked to the
regulation of learning, mood,
and sleep (buffers the negative
tendencies of testosterone)

Question 18

Biosocial criminology

Answer 18

The interaction between your genetics and your environment (These things do not occur in a vacuum)

Question 19

Gender ratio problem

Answer 19

There is a serious gender gap in offending rates (about 94% of murders are committed by men)

Question 20

Sexual selection

Answer 20

is a form of natural selection that says we get to choose a partner based on our
desirability as a potential mate and potential parent to our offspring

Question 21

Evolutionary perspective

Answer 21

Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory (ENA):
1) The propensity to offend is part of the male reproductive strategy.
2) Male’s neurochemistry increases the probability of offending.

Question 22

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 22

decision-making, impulse control, and moral reasoning

Question 23

How is low resting heart rate possibly linked to crime?

Answer 23

you may seek to raise your heartrate by committing crimes/arousal/excitement

Question 24

How does the length of your fingers influence crime?

Answer 24

Men have index fingers that are closer in length to their ring finger than women do. 2D is your index finger and 4D is your ring finger (because more men are more likely to commit crime)

Question 25

What hormones are linked to crime?

Answer 25

Men’s testosterone levels are linked to criminal behavior, while serotonin and oxytocin regulate mood, creating trust and generosity in relationships

Question 26

What are the main critiques of biological theories?

Answer 26

focusing on biological factors, ignoring environmental influences, addressing potential biases, lack of causal evidence, and measuring biological markers reliably (unethical and racist)

Question 27

Correlation

Answer 27

we are more likely to see one thing when we see another—those things are linked

Question 28

Cause

Answer 28

an action or event that brings about or contributes to a specific outcome (we are saying we will always see one thing when we see the other) (makes it happen)