Chap 3 SG

Question 1

Trait

Answer 1

notable features or qualities that are passed on from generation to generation (body types, facial features, and skull shapes as the way to determine criminal tendencies)

Question 2

Positivism

Answer 2

a theory that criminal behavior is caused by internal or external influences that are beyond the control of the offender

Question 3

Phrenology

Answer 3

This is the study of the shape of your
head to determine correlates of human behavior (craniology)

Question 4

Atavism

Answer 4

criminals are physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human development or evolution

Question 5

Criminal anthropology

Answer 5

is the scientific study of
the relationship between your physical characteristics and criminality

Question 6

Born criminal

Answer 6

has a genetic predisposition towards criminal behavior

Question 7

Criminaloids

Answer 7

His first assertion was that 90% of criminals were born that way—he
later lowered it to 70%, admitting there were occasions where “normal
people” were pulled into a life of crime

Question 8

Constitutional theories

Answer 8

those that explain crime is related to genetics, body types, and other physical attributes

Question 9

Heredity

Answer 9

the passing of traits from parent to child that determines criminology

Question 10

Behavioral genetics

Answer 10

used to study the heritability of criminal behavior and related traits

Question 11

Eugenics

Answer 11

is the study and implementation of hereditary improvement though genetic control. Selective breeding to improve the human race

Question 12

Genetic determinism

Answer 12

the idea that genetic factors are the primary cause of human behavior and criminal behavior, and that people are born criminals

Question 13

Supermale

Answer 13

predisposed to violence and crime (XYY chromosome mutation in men)

Question 14

Dizygotic twins

Answer 14

starts as two eggs and are no more related than other sibs. They just share a birthday

Question 15

Monozygotic twins

Answer 15

one egg that splits after
fertilization. (Mono=one, zygote=fertilized egg)

Question 16

Sociobiology

Answer 16

The systemic study of the biological basis
of all human behavior

Question 17

Paradigm

Answer 17

an example, model, or theory

Question 18

Altruism

Answer 18

selfless helping behavior

Question 19

Gene pool

Answer 19

The total genetic information within a breeding population

Question 20

Tribalism

Answer 20

the attitudes and behavior that result
from strong feelings of identification with one’s own social group

Question 21

According to phrenology, what links do we see between skull shape and personality?

Answer 21

a theory of human behavior based upon the belief that an individual’s character and mental faculties correlate with the shape of their head

Question 22

What physical traits did Cesare Lombrosso tie to criminality?

Answer 22

sloping forehead, ears of unusual size, asymmetry of the face

Question 23

Which of Sheldon’s body type is most likely to be criminal?

Answer 23

mesomorphs

Question 24

In what ways does tribalism benefit us?

Answer 24

allows scholars and the public alike to better understand crime as meaningful human activity (stemmed in the idea that we are the ones who know best and that we owe it to the world to stamp out those who don’t think like us)

Question 25

In what ways does aggression benefit us?

Answer 25

linked to success as a professional athlete. And often in business and other professional arenas

Question 26

Somatotyping

Answer 26

• Endomorphs: Soft and round—overweight with a big stomach.
• Mesomorphs: Athletic and muscular. Big boned with big muscles (most likely to be a criminal)
• Ectomorphs: Thin and fragile with little muscle tone and delicate
bones.
• Balanced type: In the middle/average of the other body types