Chap 11, 13, & 15 SG Flashcards
Property Crime
a category of criminal offenses that involve the unlawful taking or destruction of someone else’s property without the use of force or threat against a person (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson)
Burglary
the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
Larceny-theft
the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another
Identity theft
a crime where someone illegally obtains and uses another person’s personal information, like their Social Security number or credit card details
Motor vehicle theft
the unlawful taking or attempted taking of a motor vehicle
Joyriding
taking a vehicle, bicycle, or boat without the owner’s permission and without the intent to permanently steal it
Arson
to the intentional and malicious act of setting fire to property, with the intent to damage or destroy it
Professional criminal
someone who has made crime their full-time job and source of income
Persistent thief
an individual who repeatedly commits theft crimes over a sustained period of time
Occasional offender
a person who commits crimes infrequently, typically due to situational factors or temporary pressures
Fence
a person or business that buys stolen goods and then sells them again for a profit
What is the difference between robbery and burglary?
robbery involves stealing from a person using force or threat of force, while burglary involves entering a structure with the intent to commit a crime
When do most burglaries occur?
During the day
How do burglars pick their targets?
based on a combination of factors including the perceived ease of entry, the potential value of items inside, the level of security measures present, the apparent lack of occupants, and the neighborhood’s overall vulnerability
What three things are needed for a crime to occur according to the routine activities theory?
a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian
What are the motivations for motor vehicle theft?
Joyriding, committing crimes, and money-making
What are the motivations for arson?
financial gain and revenge to psychological factors such as trauma or mental illness
How do burglars turn stolen goods into cash?
Some burglars have relationships with fencing operations or middlemen who will buy the stolen goods
Victimless crimes
-Drug use and possession
-Public intoxication
-Prostitution
-Traffic violations
-Trespassing, as long as no damage is done
-Illegal gambling
Psychoactive substance
A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
Drug offense
activity regarding the manufacture, possession, use, and distribution of illicit substances
Controlled substance
a chemical or drug whose use, manufacture, and possession are under government control per the U.S. Controlled Substances Act due to the likelihood of addiction or abuse
Dangerous drug
a substance that can cause harm or be abused if not used properly (heroin, LSD, ecstasy, and marijuana)
Drug trafficking
trafficking, sales, distribution, possession with intent to distribute or sell, manufacturing, and smuggling of controlled substances
Pharmaceutical diversion
the unlawful channelling of regulated pharmaceuticals from legal sources to the illicit marketplace
Synthetic drugs
it is illegal to possess synthetic drugs with the intent to sell, manufacture, or deliver them
Drug-defined crime
activity regarding the manufacture, possession, use, and distribution of illicit substances
Drug-related crime
is any crime involving the possession, manufacturing, or distribution of drugs that have the potential for abuse (drug trafficking, drug possession, drug manufacturing, and drug-induced offenses such as driving under the influence)
Interdiction
the act of actively stopping and seizing illegal substances or items before they reach their intended destination
Forfeiture
a creature of statute that calls for the confiscation of certain property related to a criminal offense
Decriminalization
the process through which the legislature removes criminal sanctions against an act, omission, article, or behavior which is considered a crime
Legalization
the action of making something that was previously illegal permissible by law (Cannabis)
Prostitution
The act of exchanging sexual activity for money is typically punished as a misdemeanor (illegal in many areas but is legal and regulated in others)
Where is the harm in a victimless crime?
DRUG ABUSE, PUBLIC DRUNKENNESS, PROSTITUTION, VAGRANCY, AND CERTAIN VOLUNTARY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
What is the most commonly used illicit drug? How does drug use vary by age?
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug, with 25.8 million individuals 12 years of age and older (10.3%) reporting past year use
What are some of the White House’s recommendations to address the opioid crisis?
Breaking social exclusion and addressing marginalization, stigmatization and discrimination of patients with opioid use disorders
What constitutes what schedule a drug ends up on? What schedule contains the most serious/dangerous drugs?
One of five schedules; schedule one
How are drugs and crime linked?
Desperation to obtain drugs or funds to support their addiction leads to behaviors such as theft or violence, further entrenching individuals in a cycle of substance abuse and criminality
What are the arguments for legalization? What are the arguments against it?
People are gonna buy drugs anyway, even if they are illegal; we are monsters we should care about the health of others (we shouldn’t let all the druggies die off) plus the war would never end on drugs
How has the Internet changed sex work?
allowing for greater accessibility, control over clientele, and potential for anonymity, leading to a shift in how sex workers operate, interact with clients, and face criminal risks
What are the five categories of sex workers? Briefly describe each one.
-Streetwalkers
-Bar/hotel prostitutes
-Strippers
-Brothel prostitutes
-Online escorts (call girls)
How do children end up in the sex trades? How do they get out?
This is usually a child 14-16 years old. They are lured into the lives by pimps who make them promises of material gains and love and security; establish healthy relationships and how to move on to a pro-social profession/ there is often a drug habit to shake and a lot of psychological repair work to be done
Comparative criminology
the study of the similarities and differences between the criminal justice systems of different countries
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to judge criminal behavior and justice systems solely based on one’s own cultural norms and values
Human smuggling
the provision of a service—typically, transportation or fraudulent documents—to an individual who voluntarily seeks to gain illegal entry into a foreign country
Trafficking in persons
also known as human trafficking, is a crime that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to exploit people for labor or commercial sex
Terrorism
is a type of crime that involves the use of violence to achieve political, religious, ideological, or racial goals
Domestic terrorism
is defined as violent, criminal acts that are intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population or influence the government
International terrorism
is defined as criminal acts of violence that cross national boundaries
Cyberterrorism
the use of computer networks and digital systems to carry out politically motivated attacks aimed at causing widespread disruption, fear, or damage
“Lone-wolf” terrorists
an individual who acts alone to carry out a violent terrorist attack, without the help or guidance of a terrorist organization or government
What problems do we have collecting and studying statistics on a global level?
inconsistencies in legal definitions of crimes across countries, varying reporting practices, differences in data collection methods, cultural attitudes towards crime, and disparities in police efficiency
How has globalization affected crime and our ability to combat crime?
facilitating the growth of transnational criminal networks, enabling criminals to operate across borders with greater ease, making it harder to combat crime
What country has the highest homicide rate in the world? What country has the lowest? What is the US homicide rate?
Saint Kitts and Nevis; Japan; 19.65%
What countries are most likely to traffic humans to the United States?
Afghanistan/Africa
What happens to people once they are trafficked?
Forced labor, child, soldiers, forced baking, sexual exploitation, forced marriage, selling children, or removal of organs
Who is most likely to be trafficked? Who is least likely?
Women (51%); Boys (8%)
What are the differences between human smuggling and human trafficking?
Trafficking: involves exploiting people for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.
Smuggling: involves the provision of a service—typically, transportation or fraudulent documents—to an individual who voluntarily seeks to gain illegal entry into a foreign country
Describe the “typical” terrorist and tell me what crimes they have been charged with.
Mental health, Background, Motivation, Recruitment, Group, and/or Location may have a part to play in the assumed
Violence against people: Murder, assault, kidnapping, and other serious violence, Damage to property, Endangering the public, Disrupting systems, and Destabilizing structures may be committed
