chap 43 stress & adaptation

Question 1

allostasis

Answer 1

the process of achieving stability or homeostasis through physiologic or behavioral change

Question 2

caregiver burden

Answer 2

stress responses experienced during prolonged periods of home care by family caregivers

Question 3

crisis

Answer 3

1) point at which body temp drops rapidly to norm
2) occurs when coping and defense mechanisms are no longer effective, resulting in high levels of anxiety, disorganized behavior, and the inability to function normally

Question 4

crisis intervention

Answer 4

5 step problem solving technique to promote adaptation and improve future coping

Question 5

defense mechanisms

Answer 5

forms of self deception; unconscious process the self uses to protect itself from anxiety or threats to self-esteem

Question 6

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 6

biochemical model of stress describing the body’s general response to stress (physical or emotional)
-3 stages:
1) alarm reaction: shock and countershock
2) stage of resistance
3) stage of exhaustion (bp decreases and pulse rate increases)

Question 7

inflammatory response

Answer 7

localized response of the body to injury or infection; protective mechanism that eliminates invading pathogens and allows for tissue to repair to occur

Question 8

local adaptation syndrome (LAS)

Answer 8

localized response of the body to stress, precipitated by trauma or pathology
-only 1 specific body part
-2 types: reflex pain response, inflammatory response

Question 9

psychosomatic disorders

Answer 9

physiologic alterations and illness believed to be due to psychological influences

Question 10

reflex pain resonse

Answer 10

automatic response of the central nervous system to the stimulus of pain

Question 11

in stress perceptions and responses are…

Answer 11

highly individualized

Question 12

physiologic stressors

Answer 12

-chem agents: drugs or poisons
-physical agents: heat, cold, and trauma
-infectious agents: viruses and bacteria
-nutritional imbalances
-hypoxia
-genetic or immune disorders

Question 13

homeostatic mechanisms controlled by:

Answer 13

-autonomic nervous system (ANS)
-endocrine system

Question 14

physiologic homeostasis:

Answer 14

-local adaptation syndrome
-general adaptation syndrome

Question 15

psychological homeostasis

Answer 15

-depends on the nature, intensity, timing, number, and duration of stressors
-further depends on the person’s age, developmental level, past experiences, support systems, and coping mechanisms

Question 16

adaptive responses for psychological homeostasis

Answer 16

-mind-body interaction
-anxiety (mild, moderate, severe, and panic)
-coping mechanisms
-defense mechanisms

Question 17

coping mechanisms

Answer 17

can lead to:
-attack behaviors
-withdrawal behaviors
-compromise behavior

Question 18

defense mechanisms

Answer 18

-compensation
-denial
-displacement (putting emotions on something or someone else)
-dissociation
-introjection (getting stressed from someone else’s stress)
-projection
-rationalization (finding reasons)
-reaction formation
-regression (unlearn)
-repression (actively choosing to not react to something, push it away; conscious)
-sublimation
-undoing

Question 19

long term stress has negative effects on all body systems due to…

Answer 19

decreased effectiveness of cortisol

Question 20

Crisis can be…

Answer 20

maturational: a life-changing event that occurs as a normal part of the lifespan, but causes significant stress
situational: the result of the unexpected trauma such as losses, illness or displacement
adventitious: rare, unexpected happenings that are not part of everyday life

Question 21

Sources of stress

Answer 21

developmental stress
situational stress

Question 22

personal stress factors

Answer 22

-physiologic reserve
-genetics
-epigenetic changes
-psychosocial factors

Question 23

defense coping

Answer 23

it alters the way a stressful situation is perceived, by expelling disturbing thoughts or emotions from conscious awareness

Question 24

impaired resilience

Answer 24

Decreased ability to recover from perceived adverse or changing situations, through a dynamic process of adaptation

Question 25

Ineffective coping

Answer 25

the inability to manage, respond to, or make decisions surrounding a stressful situation

Question 26

Ineffective denial

Answer 26

The state of a conscious or unconscious attempt to disavow the knowledge or meaning of an event to reduce anxiety/fear to the detriment of health