chap 43 stress & adaptation Flashcards
allostasis
the process of achieving stability or homeostasis through physiologic or behavioral change
caregiver burden
stress responses experienced during prolonged periods of home care by family caregivers
crisis
1) point at which body temp drops rapidly to norm
2) occurs when coping and defense mechanisms are no longer effective, resulting in high levels of anxiety, disorganized behavior, and the inability to function normally
crisis intervention
5 step problem solving technique to promote adaptation and improve future coping
defense mechanisms
forms of self deception; unconscious process the self uses to protect itself from anxiety or threats to self-esteem
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
biochemical model of stress describing the body’s general response to stress (physical or emotional)
-3 stages:
1) alarm reaction: shock and countershock
2) stage of resistance
3) stage of exhaustion (bp decreases and pulse rate increases)
inflammatory response
localized response of the body to injury or infection; protective mechanism that eliminates invading pathogens and allows for tissue to repair to occur
local adaptation syndrome (LAS)
localized response of the body to stress, precipitated by trauma or pathology
-only 1 specific body part
-2 types: reflex pain response, inflammatory response
psychosomatic disorders
physiologic alterations and illness believed to be due to psychological influences
reflex pain resonse
automatic response of the central nervous system to the stimulus of pain
in stress perceptions and responses are…
highly individualized
physiologic stressors
-chem agents: drugs or poisons
-physical agents: heat, cold, and trauma
-infectious agents: viruses and bacteria
-nutritional imbalances
-hypoxia
-genetic or immune disorders
homeostatic mechanisms controlled by:
-autonomic nervous system (ANS)
-endocrine system
physiologic homeostasis:
-local adaptation syndrome
-general adaptation syndrome
psychological homeostasis
-depends on the nature, intensity, timing, number, and duration of stressors
-further depends on the person’s age, developmental level, past experiences, support systems, and coping mechanisms
adaptive responses for psychological homeostasis
-mind-body interaction
-anxiety (mild, moderate, severe, and panic)
-coping mechanisms
-defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
can lead to:
-attack behaviors
-withdrawal behaviors
-compromise behavior
defense mechanisms
-compensation
-denial
-displacement (putting emotions on something or someone else)
-dissociation
-introjection (getting stressed from someone else’s stress)
-projection
-rationalization (finding reasons)
-reaction formation
-regression (unlearn)
-repression (actively choosing to not react to something, push it away; conscious)
-sublimation
-undoing
long term stress has negative effects on all body systems due to…
decreased effectiveness of cortisol
Crisis can be…
maturational: a life-changing event that occurs as a normal part of the lifespan, but causes significant stress
situational: the result of the unexpected trauma such as losses, illness or displacement
adventitious: rare, unexpected happenings that are not part of everyday life
Sources of stress
developmental stress
situational stress
personal stress factors
-physiologic reserve
-genetics
-epigenetic changes
-psychosocial factors
defense coping
it alters the way a stressful situation is perceived, by expelling disturbing thoughts or emotions from conscious awareness
impaired resilience
Decreased ability to recover from perceived adverse or changing situations, through a dynamic process of adaptation
Ineffective coping
the inability to manage, respond to, or make decisions surrounding a stressful situation
Ineffective denial
The state of a conscious or unconscious attempt to disavow the knowledge or meaning of an event to reduce anxiety/fear to the detriment of health
