chap 4 key terms

Question 1

antecedent

Answer 1

Antecedent- In the 3-phase model of operant conditioning a stimulus that occurs before a voluntary behaviour and its consequence that serves to cue the behaviour.

Question 2

attention

Answer 2

Attention- In observational learning, the cognitive process used to focus awareness on a model.

Question 3

behaviourism

Answer 3

Behaviourism- an approach in psychology based on the study of objective, observable behaviours rather than subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives and consciousness.

Question 4

behaviorist approach

Answer 4

Behaviourist approach- An approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping observable behaviours based on learning associations between stimuli (stimulus-stimulus associations) and between stimuli and behavioural responses (stimulus-response associations) including the 3-phase processes of classical and operant conditioning.

Question 5

classical conditioning

Answer 5

Classical conditioning- A fundamental form of associative learning shared across species in which an organism learns to associate an originally neutral stimulus, such as an environmental sound, with the occurrence of a naturally rewarding or threatening event (unconditioned response) that causes a reflex response (unconditioned response), such s the presence of a predator causing fear; through repeated experiences of the neutral stimulus preceding or co-occurring with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that on its own causes an automatic conditioned response similar to the unconditioned response, as if the unconditioned stimulus had occurred.

Question 6

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

Conditioned response (CR)- A reflex response to a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus that would usually cause it.

Question 7

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

Conditioned stimulus (CS)- A previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to cause a reflex response through its association with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

consequence

Answer 8

Consequence- In the 3-phaase model of the operant conditioning, the feedback a learner receives from the environment as an outcome of a voluntary behaviour; ca be reinforcing, punishing or neutral (no consequence).

Question 9

involuntary association

Answer 9

Involuntary association- A learned association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the conditioned stimulus produces an involuntary conditioned response (reflex) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

learning

Answer 10

Learning- The biological, cognitive and social processes through which an individual makes meaning from their experiences, resulting in long0lasting changes in their behaviour, skills and knowledge.

Question 11

motivation and reinforcement

Answer 11

Motivation and reinforcement- In observational learning, the cognitive processes that influence whether the learner decides to reproduce an observed behaviour based on their understanding of the observed consequences.

Question 12

multimodal system

Answer 12

Multimodal system- In aboriginal and Torres strait islander cultures, the many formats in which knowledge is stored within country and is expressed through language, stories, song, dance and art by human and more-than-human entities.

Question 13

negative punishment

Answer 13

Negative punishment- The removal of a rewarding stimulus (reinforcer) as a consequence of a behaviour, making the behaviour less likely in the future.

Question 14

negative reinforcement

Answer 14

Negative reinforcement- The removal of an aversive stimulus (punisher) as a consequence of a behaviour, making the behaviour less likely in the future.

Question 15

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 15

Neutral stimulus (NS)- A stimulus (internal or external) that doesn’t naturally cause a reflex response.

Question 16

observational learning

Answer 16

Observational learning- A form of social learning in which the learner attends to the behaviours of another person, encodes the behaviours in memory, and is motivated to rehearse and/or reproduce the behaviour based on their interpretation of the reinforcing consequences of the behaviour.

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

Operant conditioning- A learning process in which the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is determined by the consequences of that behaviour.

Question 18

patterned on country

Answer 18

Patterned on country- In aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approaches to learning, refers to the embedding of knowledge within the multimodal system of country.

Question 19

positive punishment

Answer 19

Positive punishment- the addition of am aversive stimulus (punisher) as a consequence of a behaviour, making the behaviour less likely in the future.

Question 20

positive reinforcement

Answer 20

Positive reinforcement- The addition of a rewarding stimulus (reinforcer) as a consequence of a behaviour, making the behaviour more likely in the future.

Question 21

punishment

Answer 21

Punishment- A consequence of behaviour that weakens the likelihood of the behaviour being reproduced.

Question 22

reinforcement

Answer 22

Reinforcement- A consequence of behaviour that strengthens the likelihood of the behaviour being reproduced.

Question 23

reproduction

Answer 23

Reproduction- In observational learning, the cognitive process used to re-enact an observed behaviour or to rehearse it mentally.

Question 24

reponse

Answer 24

Response- A behaviour produced by an individual as an outcome of stimulus processing.

Question 25

retention

Answer 25

Retention- In observational learning, the cognitive process used to encode and store knowledge of observed behaviour.

Question 26

social-cognitive approach

Answer 26

Social-cognitive approach- An approach that emphasises the active role of the learner in learning through observing and listening to others (social learning) and as actively making meaning of what they observe (cognitive learning).

Question 27

song spirals

Answer 27

Song lines/song spirals- The sung narratives encoded in physical routes across country and in constellations in the night0sky that convey ancestral knowledge of country.

Question 28

stimulus

Answer 28

Stimulus- Any internal of external event that produces a response in an individual.

Question 29

3 phase process of classical conditioning

Answer 29

Three-phase process of classical conditioning- A model of the 3 stages involves in learning a classically conditioned response, including 3 phases described as before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning.

Question 30

3 phase process of operant conditioning

Answer 30

Three-phase process of operant conditioning- A model of the 3 components involved in acquiring and maintaining an operantly conditioned voluntary behaviour, including antecedent, behaviour and consequence, also called the ABC model of operant conditioning.

Question 31

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 31

Unconditioned response (UCR)- An involuntary reflex response to a biologically significant stimulus.

Question 32

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 32

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)- A biologically significant stimulus, such as food or a sudden loud sound, that causes a reflex response.

Question 33

ways of knowing

Answer 33

Ways of knowing- Indigenous Australian approaches to learning and knowledge based on core understanding of the interrelationship between all entities, so that the learner and knowledge are embedded within a system of interrelationships; knowing takes place through being and doing.