chap 4 key terms Flashcards
antecedent
Antecedent- In the 3-phase model of operant conditioning a stimulus that occurs before a voluntary behaviour and its consequence that serves to cue the behaviour.
attention
Attention- In observational learning, the cognitive process used to focus awareness on a model.
behaviourism
Behaviourism- an approach in psychology based on the study of objective, observable behaviours rather than subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives and consciousness.
behaviorist approach
Behaviourist approach- An approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping observable behaviours based on learning associations between stimuli (stimulus-stimulus associations) and between stimuli and behavioural responses (stimulus-response associations) including the 3-phase processes of classical and operant conditioning.
classical conditioning
Classical conditioning- A fundamental form of associative learning shared across species in which an organism learns to associate an originally neutral stimulus, such as an environmental sound, with the occurrence of a naturally rewarding or threatening event (unconditioned response) that causes a reflex response (unconditioned response), such s the presence of a predator causing fear; through repeated experiences of the neutral stimulus preceding or co-occurring with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that on its own causes an automatic conditioned response similar to the unconditioned response, as if the unconditioned stimulus had occurred.
conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned response (CR)- A reflex response to a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus that would usually cause it.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)- A previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to cause a reflex response through its association with an unconditioned stimulus.
consequence
Consequence- In the 3-phaase model of the operant conditioning, the feedback a learner receives from the environment as an outcome of a voluntary behaviour; ca be reinforcing, punishing or neutral (no consequence).
involuntary association
Involuntary association- A learned association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the conditioned stimulus produces an involuntary conditioned response (reflex) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
learning
Learning- The biological, cognitive and social processes through which an individual makes meaning from their experiences, resulting in long0lasting changes in their behaviour, skills and knowledge.
motivation and reinforcement
Motivation and reinforcement- In observational learning, the cognitive processes that influence whether the learner decides to reproduce an observed behaviour based on their understanding of the observed consequences.
multimodal system
Multimodal system- In aboriginal and Torres strait islander cultures, the many formats in which knowledge is stored within country and is expressed through language, stories, song, dance and art by human and more-than-human entities.
negative punishment
Negative punishment- The removal of a rewarding stimulus (reinforcer) as a consequence of a behaviour, making the behaviour less likely in the future.
negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement- The removal of an aversive stimulus (punisher) as a consequence of a behaviour, making the behaviour less likely in the future.
neutral stimulus (NS)
Neutral stimulus (NS)- A stimulus (internal or external) that doesn’t naturally cause a reflex response.
observational learning
Observational learning- A form of social learning in which the learner attends to the behaviours of another person, encodes the behaviours in memory, and is motivated to rehearse and/or reproduce the behaviour based on their interpretation of the reinforcing consequences of the behaviour.
operant conditioning
Operant conditioning- A learning process in which the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is determined by the consequences of that behaviour.
patterned on country
Patterned on country- In aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approaches to learning, refers to the embedding of knowledge within the multimodal system of country.
positive punishment
Positive punishment- the addition of am aversive stimulus (punisher) as a consequence of a behaviour, making the behaviour less likely in the future.
positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement- The addition of a rewarding stimulus (reinforcer) as a consequence of a behaviour, making the behaviour more likely in the future.
punishment
Punishment- A consequence of behaviour that weakens the likelihood of the behaviour being reproduced.
reinforcement
Reinforcement- A consequence of behaviour that strengthens the likelihood of the behaviour being reproduced.
reproduction
Reproduction- In observational learning, the cognitive process used to re-enact an observed behaviour or to rehearse it mentally.
reponse
Response- A behaviour produced by an individual as an outcome of stimulus processing.
retention
Retention- In observational learning, the cognitive process used to encode and store knowledge of observed behaviour.
social-cognitive approach
Social-cognitive approach- An approach that emphasises the active role of the learner in learning through observing and listening to others (social learning) and as actively making meaning of what they observe (cognitive learning).
song spirals
Song lines/song spirals- The sung narratives encoded in physical routes across country and in constellations in the night0sky that convey ancestral knowledge of country.
stimulus
Stimulus- Any internal of external event that produces a response in an individual.
3 phase process of classical conditioning
Three-phase process of classical conditioning- A model of the 3 stages involves in learning a classically conditioned response, including 3 phases described as before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning.
3 phase process of operant conditioning
Three-phase process of operant conditioning- A model of the 3 components involved in acquiring and maintaining an operantly conditioned voluntary behaviour, including antecedent, behaviour and consequence, also called the ABC model of operant conditioning.
unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned response (UCR)- An involuntary reflex response to a biologically significant stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)- A biologically significant stimulus, such as food or a sudden loud sound, that causes a reflex response.
ways of knowing
Ways of knowing- Indigenous Australian approaches to learning and knowledge based on core understanding of the interrelationship between all entities, so that the learner and knowledge are embedded within a system of interrelationships; knowing takes place through being and doing.
